Enhance school creation and staffing management with native language support

- Updated protocol documentation to include `nativeLanguages` in `nameSets` and added `nativeLanguage` to school creation options.
- Enhanced the UI for school creation to allow selection of native languages, improving user experience.
- Revised API interfaces to accommodate new native language features, ensuring proper data handling.
- Improved localization strings to support new native language functionalities in both English and Russian.
- Updated tests to validate the new native language features and ensure robust functionality in staffing scenarios.

docs/design/schedule.md

@@ -139,9 +139,9 @@
 | Место урока | Кабинет класса, если у предмета нет требования к типу помещения |
 | Нет учителя | Урок не ставится; предмет числится непокрытым |
 | Карта | В дереве рядом с комнатой — что и у кого там сейчас |
-| Панель локации | «Сейчас» и «Персонажи» заполняются из расписания |
+| Панель локации | «Сейчас» и «Персонажи» заполняются из расписания — с срезом 5 из присутствия, см. [`ai.md`](ai.md) |
 | Расписание класса | В разделе «Управление», сетка «день × урок» |
 | Расписание учителя | В его карточке, там же где навыки и семья |
 | Общая сетка школы | Не делаем: её читает только тот, кто раскладывает вручную |
 | Где живёт код | Отдельная библиотека рядом с `HSchool.People` |
-| Люди и место | Находятся по расписанию; ходьбы нет |
+| Люди и место | Находятся по расписанию; ходьбы нет — отменено срезом 5, присутствие стало состоянием ([`ai.md`](ai.md)) |

docs/phases/reviewed.md

@@ -175,3 +175,230 @@
 - Срез 1 успел сдвинуться: коммит `5cd5a6d` тронул `gameScreen.ts` и `strings.ts` (подпись
   идущего человека). По правилу журнала он больше не «проверен на `b135a9c`» — правка маленькая и
   относится к срезу 5, но следующий проход это увидит.
+
+## Срез 3. Штат
+
+- **Фазы:** 10–13
+- **Проверен на:** `21d79cb`, 2026-08-19
+- **Пути:** `src/HSchool.People/Staffing.cs`, `src/HSchool.People/ApplicantPool.cs`,
+  `src/HSchool.Content/SubjectDef` и `defs/staffing`, `src/HSchool.Server/Api/SchoolEndpoints.cs`
+  (staffing/hire/subjects), `src/HSchool.Server/mods/core/defs/{subjects,positions,rooms,staffing,traits}`,
+  `src/HSchool.Client/src/ui/managementPanel.ts`, `src/HSchool.Client/src/net/api.ts`,
+  `tests/HSchool.People.Tests/{StaffingTests,ApplicantPoolTests}.cs`,
+  `tests/HSchool.AppHost.Tests/StaffingApiTests.cs`
+- **Итог:** дописано 3 теста (один из них — прямо требуемый фазой 12 и отсутствовавший),
+  дополнен `docs/protocol.md`; расхождений кода с дизайном не найдено
+
+Что подтверждено:
+
+- **Фаза 10.** `PETeacher` в `core` нет, `Classroom`, `ComputerLab` и `GymHall` не открывают
+  должностей — должности остались у библиотеки, приёмной, столовой, медкабинета и кабинета
+  директора, ровно как обещано. Кабинет описан числом мест (`seatThing`/`defaultSeats`, пустой
+  список слотов — проверено в `Catalog_LabelsDefsInTheRequestedLanguage`), редактор карты
+  показывает у него одно поле «мест». Неизвестный навык в предмете роняет каталог
+  (`Subject_UnknownSkill_FailsTheCatalog`), полнота локалей — `EveryVanillaLabel_ExistsInBothLocales`,
+  стартовая дата 31 марта 2012 зашита в тестах API.
+- **Фаза 11.** Все шесть тестов из списка фазы на месте и проходят: детерминизм пула по сиду и
+  неделе, частичное обновление с сохранением навыков и запроса, устойчивый размер за пятьдесят
+  недель, «сильный просит больше», пустой штат при полной школе, соискатель вне ростера до найма.
+- **Фаза 12.** Фонд оплаты, деление часов между учителями предмета, пол одной ставки и покрытие
+  предметов покрыты в `StaffingTests`. `GET /staffing` читает опубликованный снимок
+  (`loop.FindPeople`), наём и назначение идут в воркер через `GameCommand` с
+  `TaskCompletionSource` — инвариант 3 цел. Перезапуск с тем же штатом и назначениями —
+  `AssignAndUnassign_HonourTheCap_AndReloadKeepsAssignments`.
+- **Фаза 13.** Строка денег, непокрытые предметы, список соискателей со ставкой и сильными
+  навыками, кнопка найма с текстом ошибки, список штата с предметами и стоимостью, назначение и
+  снятие с карточки — всё есть и всё через `t(...)`.
+- **Дизайн.** `design/staffing.md` сверен построчно. Особо проверено: `MaxWeeklyHours` не
+  запрещает назначение, а делает предмет непокрытым (в коде нет такой ошибки, и замер это
+  подтверждает); цена часа считается от навыков **и от черт**.
+
+Дописано:
+
+- `StaffingApiTests.AssigningPastTheCap_IsRejectedWithTheNumbers` — фаза 12 требует теста API на
+  «отклонение по пределу», а его не было: единственное место, где он мог сработать, было написано
+  через `if (over.StatusCode == Conflict) … else …` и проходило при любом исходе. Пределом
+  занялся замер: при выделенных 100 000 полностью загруженная школа стоит всего 68–72 тысячи,
+  то есть «нанять всех» предела не достигает. Но пик фонда приходится на середину раздачи
+  предметов — пока часы предмета несут один-два учителя, а не двенадцать, — и там отказ
+  случается: по сидам 1–30 отказов от 4 до 24 на прогон, ни одного сида без отказа. Тест
+  раздаёт предметы штату, ловит первый `409`, сверяет `payroll-exceeded`, `allocated`,
+  `attempted > allocated`, `remaining` и то, что отклонённое назначение действительно не легло.
+- `ApplicantPoolTests.ConfidentTraits_AskForMoreAndQuietOnesForLess` — дизайн фиксирует «цена
+  часа: от навыков и от черт (самоуверенный просит больше)», код это делает через
+  `TraitDef.WageAsk` (в `core` Leader +10, HotTempered +6, Quiet −8), а тестом закреплена была
+  только половина про навыки.
+- Проверка в `AssignAndUnassign_HonourTheCap_AndReloadKeepsAssignments`, что после перезапуска
+  возвращается **тот же пул** с теми же ставками — критерий готовности фазы 11, который никто не
+  проверял. Тест кусается: пул на диске уже без нанятого, а сгенерированный заново вернул бы его
+  обратно.
+
+Исправлено:
+
+- `docs/protocol.md` не упоминал `?lang=ru|en` у `POST staff/hire`, `POST …/subjects` и
+  `DELETE …/subjects/{subject}`, хотя все три его принимают и клиент его шлёт. Поведение не
+  трогалось — дописана документация.
+
+Замечено рядом (за границами среза):
+
+- Предел фонда при ванильных данных почти не ограничивает игрока: нанять всех двенадцать и
+  раздать им все предметы стоит около 70 000 из 100 000. Отказ достижим только по дороге, на
+  пике неравномерной нагрузки. Это игровой баланс, а не ошибка (см. коммит `207e7ec`, которым
+  предел поднимали намеренно), но если предел задумывался как настоящее ограничение — числа
+  сейчас говорят обратное.
+- В `AssignAndUnassign_HonourTheCap_AndReloadKeepsAssignments` осталась ветка `if/else` вокруг
+  ожидаемого отказа. Теперь, когда отказ проверяется отдельным тестом, эта ветка просто не может
+  упасть — её стоит однажды упростить, но трогать работающий тест ради этого ревью не стало.
+## Срез 4. Расписание
+
+- **Фазы:** 14–17
+- **Проверен на:** `21d79cb`, 2026-08-19
+- **Пути:** `src/HSchool.Schedule`, `src/HSchool.Content` (каркас дня, каникулы, `SubjectDef.room`),
+  `src/HSchool.Simulation/SchoolTimetables.cs`, `src/HSchool.Server/Api/TimetableEndpoints.cs`,
+  `src/HSchool.Server/Game/SchoolWorker.cs` (пин, перестроение),
+  `src/HSchool.Client/src/ui/timetableGrid.ts`, `src/HSchool.Client/src/ui/gameScreen.ts`,
+  `tests/HSchool.Schedule.Tests`, `tests/HSchool.Content.Tests/CalendarTests.cs`,
+  `tests/HSchool.AppHost.Tests/TimetableApiTests.cs`
+- **Итог:** дописан один тест на пять непокрытых кодов отказа, поправлены две устаревшие строки
+  дизайна; расхождений кода с принятыми решениями нет
+
+Что подтверждено:
+
+- **Фаза 14.** Все пункты критерия закрыты в `CalendarTests`: суббота, каникулы и ночь дают «вне
+  учебного дня», 10:20 буднего дня — третий урок, шестидневка делает субботу рабочей, зимние
+  каникулы переносятся через 1 января. Требование помещения у предмета есть (физкультура —
+  спортзал), неизвестная комната роняет каталог.
+- **Фаза 15.** Все шесть тестов из списка фазы на месте. Четыре запрета проверяются одним
+  утверждением в `TeacherWithTwoSubjects_IsNeverInTwoRoomsAtOnce` (уникальность по учителю, классу
+  и кабинету в слоте) плюс `ClassOfSixteen_DoesNotEnterALabOfTwelve`. Отсутствие сокетов, ECS и
+  часов реального времени — самопроверкой сборки, как в `HSchool.People`.
+- **Фаза 16.** Расписание пересобирается только когда изменился состав: `TimetableDirty` ставится
+  в `InstallPeople`/`Replace` и в годовом наборе, а воркер перестраивает таблицу под
+  `if (result.PeopleChanged)` — по тику этого не происходит. `GET /timetable` читает
+  опубликованный снимок, пин и снятие идут через `GameCommand` с `TaskCompletionSource`.
+  Перезапуск с закреплениями — `Reload_RestoresLockedLessons`.
+- **Фаза 17.** Скобки в дереве (`Математика · 5Б`) собираются из присутствия, сетка «день × урок»
+  с переносом, сменой кабинета и отметкой «закреплено» есть, отказ планировщика показывается
+  текстом (`timetableErrorPin`, `timetableErrorNoTeacher`, `timetableErrorLesson`), личное
+  расписание — в карточке. Всё через `t(...)`. Клиентские тесты и сборка на `21d79cb`: 33/33 и
+  зелёная сборка.
+
+Дописано:
+
+- `TimetableApiTests.PinAndUnpinRefusals_CarryTheDocumentedCodes` — из шести кодов отказа пина в
+  `docs/protocol.md` тестом был закрыт только `pin-rejected` (хвост
+  `PinThenHireAnother_KeepsTheLockedSlot`, попытка провести урок в спортзале). Остальные пять —
+  `no-teacher`, `unknown-class`, `unknown-subject`, `unknown-room`, `unknown-lesson` на повторном
+  снятии, плюс `invalid-query` на неполном запросе — не проверялись, хотя клиент по ним
+  переключает текст ошибки.
+
+Исправлено:
+
+- `design/schedule.md` держал в «Зафиксировано» две строки, которые срез 5 сознательно отменил:
+  «Панель локации заполняется из расписания» и «Люди находятся по расписанию; ходьбы нет».
+  Отмена записана в `design/ai.md` («присутствие — состояние человека, а не функция от
+  расписания»), а старый документ об этом не знал. Помечены как отменённые со ссылкой; код не
+  трогался — он давно живёт по новому решению.
+
+Замечено рядом (за границами среза):
+
+- Задача фазы 16 «снимок карты отдаёт по узлу, что там сейчас идёт и у кого» в протоколе v7
+  выглядит иначе: снимок карты стал статическим, а занятость уехала в кадр `Presence`. Это
+  сделано фазой 19 намеренно и описано в `docs/protocol.md`; строка фазы 16 просто историческая.
+- `GameSocketTests.OpeningASchoolDuringAMathLesson_...`, который в срезе 1 падал дважды под
+  нагрузкой, за этот проход не воспроизвёлся ни разу: шесть полных прогонов подряд на чистом
+  worktree и два одиночных под искусственной нагрузкой из шести жгущих процессов — зелено.
+  Оставляю как «наблюдалось, не воспроизводится»; если вернётся, смотреть на выдачу кадров
+  присутствия под нехваткой процессора, а не на логику.
+
+Про окружение:
+
+- Во время проверки параллельная сессия правила `core` и клиент (размер пула соискателей 12 → 32,
+  новые навыки, диалог соискателей). Два прогона на рабочем дереве успели показать «падения»
+  `Hire_IdlePool_FitsUnderTheCap` и `GetStaffing_EmptySchool_HasPoolAndNoPayroll` — это артефакт
+  прогона старых бинарников против новых данных, а не находка. Поэтому весь срез проверялся в
+  отдельном worktree на `21d79cb`: AppHost 63/63 (три прогона подряд), клиент 33/33 и сборка.
+
+## Срез 5. Жизнь школы
+
+- **Фазы:** 18–21
+- **Проверен на:** `21d79cb`, 2026-08-19. Фаза 21 закрыта за час до проверки, `core` правился
+  параллельно — проверка велась в отдельном worktree на коммите, не на рабочем дереве
+- **Пути:** `src/HSchool.Ai`, `src/HSchool.Simulation/{PresenceSystem,ActivitySystem,LessonLearningSystem,School}.cs`,
+  `src/HSchool.Protocol` (кадр `Presence`, пропуск в кадре часов),
+  `src/HSchool.Server/Game/PresenceFrame.cs`, `src/HSchool.Client/src/ui/gameScreen.ts`,
+  `src/HSchool.Server/mods/core/defs/{actions,behavior,needs}`, `tests/HSchool.Ai.Tests`,
+  `tests/HSchool.Simulation.Tests/{PresenceTests,DecisionTests,ActivityTests,NeedDecayTests}.cs`
+- **Итог:** все 32 теста из списков четырёх фаз на месте и проходят; тестов не дописано, зато
+  измерен прожитый учебный день — и он показал две вещи, которых списки не ловят
+
+Что подтверждено:
+
+- **Фаза 18.** Все 13 требуемых тестов есть: маршрут 201 → санузел через лестницу, совпадение
+  суммы `travelMinutes` с реально пройденным временем, пустая школа в воскресенье и в каникулы,
+  класс без уроков не приходит, ученик в кабинете к звонку, спортзал впритык к перемене,
+  детерминизм по сиду, сохранение посреди перемены, четыре сценария пропуска пустого времени,
+  школа без учителей, лето с первым сентября, промотанная неделя против прожитой.
+- **Фаза 19.** Все пять тестов: байтовая раскладка присутствия с обеих сторон, круговой прогон,
+  отсутствие людей и урока в снимке карты, разрешение на пропуск в кадре часов, отброшенный
+  пропуск в учебное время.
+- **Фаза 20.** Все шесть: декей голода за час, обед на заявленные минуты и величину, нехватка
+  стульев, ночь вне школы, действие с неизвестной нуждой роняет каталог, детерминизм нужд.
+- **Фаза 21.** Все восемь, включая сквозной `ZeroToilet_LeavesClass_ReachesRestroom_AndReturns`,
+  `DecisionCap_DefersTheOverflow` и `SameSeedAndActions_MatchAfterAWeek`, плюс табличный разбор
+  решений в `DecisionPlannerTests` без мира.
+- **Инварианты.** `HSchool.Ai` не знает Arch, ASP.NET и часов реального времени, `HSchool.Simulation`
+  не знает сокетов — обе проверки в самих тестах. Протокол v7 сходится в трёх местах.
+
+Измерено (временный тест, удалён после):
+
+Полностью укомплектованная ванильная школа (12 учителей, 225 уроков, 176 учеников), прожитая
+тиками с вторника по пятницу:
+
+| | день 1 | день 2 | день 3 | день 4 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| побывали в столовой | 0 | 144 | 133 | 141 |
+| завершённых обедов | 0 | 75 | 132 | 111 |
+| минимальный голод | 0.32 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
+
+Картина дня в остальном осмысленная: в 8:25 двор, вестибюль и лестницы полны, к 8:45 все 144
+пришедших в кабинетах и спортзале, на перемене коридор — самый людный узел школы (пик 112),
+после уроков остаются только те, у кого урок ещё идёт.
+
+- **Столовая пустует весь первый день.** Голод стартует с 1.0 и падает на 0.1 в игровой час
+  только на территории школы, так что порог 0.35 достигается лишь к концу первого дня. Критерий
+  готовности фазы 21 обещает «перемены с коридором и столовой» — со второго дня так и есть, но
+  прогон одного дня, как в критерии написано, столовой не покажет. Это не поломка, это то, чего
+  стоит ожидать при проверке руками.
+- **Со второго дня голод упирается в ноль и оттуда не выходит.** К концу четырёх учебных дней
+  27 учеников из 176 держат голод ≤0.05, 98 из 176 — ниже порога срочности, средний по школе
+  ровно 0.35. Причина арифметическая: вне школы голод не восстанавливается (в отличие от сна),
+  дома никто не ест, а единственный источник еды — восемь стульев в столовой на 176 человек при
+  обеде в 15 минут. Обедов в день выходит 75–132, то есть до половины школы ежедневно остаётся
+  без еды, и дефицит переносится на завтра. Поскольку рост навыка на уроке зависит от состояния
+  нужд, больше половины школы учится со штрафом постоянно. Это баланс, а не логика: числа лежат
+  в `core` (`decayPerHour`, `needGain`, число стульев на карте) и правятся данными. Молча их
+  менять ревью не стало — см. «Открыто».
+
+Открыто:
+
+- **Чем закрывать голод.** Вариантов три, и это решение автора, а не ревью: восстанавливать голод
+  вне школы, как сон (`restoredOffCampus` на `Hunger`); поставить в ванильную столовую больше
+  стульев; или снизить `decayPerHour` голода. Первое честнее всего описывает «поел дома», третье
+  дешевле всего, второе меняет карту. Числа выше дают точку отсчёта для любого из них.
+
+Замечено рядом (за границами среза):
+
+- **`GameSocketTests.OpeningASchoolDuringAMathLesson_...` подтверждённо нестабилен.** За сессию
+  он упал четырежды — и все четыре раза в полном `dotnet test` по решению, когда параллельно шла
+  сборка; в одиночку он проходит всегда, в том числе шесть прогонов подряд и два под нагрузкой из
+  шести жгущих процессов. Симптом всегда один: последнее ожидание после снятия паузы — «нанятый
+  учитель появился среди людей в кадре присутствия» — не выполняется за 40 кадров (~20 секунд).
+  Механизм не пойман: инструментированный прогон, печатающий замороженное время и уроки этого
+  учителя, три раза подряд прошёл зелёным. Две правдоподобные версии, обе про то, что тест
+  зависит от игрового времени, набежавшего за время его собственных HTTP-вызовов (5 игровых минут
+  на реальную секунду): либо замороженный момент уезжает за последний урок учителя и он по плану
+  дня уже не приходит, либо за 20 секунд ожидания школьный день успевает кончиться. В обоих
+  случаях чинить надо тест, а не присутствие: занятость узла берётся из расписания, а явка — из
+  состояния, и совпадать они не обязаны — фаза 21 прямо обещает, что «опоздание и отсутствие
+  видны».

docs/protocol.md

@@ -77,8 +77,10 @@ single seats field on a homeroom and the old slot rows on everything else.
 Things carry `pupilSlots` — how many pupils that thing hosts. The snapshot's per-node pupil-slot
 total is computed on the server.
 
-`nameSets` is the list of placeable name packs (`defName` + label). The create dialog picks one;
-it is independent of the UI language.
+`nameSets` is the list of placeable name packs (`defName` + label + `nativeLanguages`). Each
+`nativeLanguages` entry is a skill (`defName` + label). The create dialog picks a name set and a
+native language; the language list comes from that set (vanilla Slavic: Russian, Belarusian,
+Ukrainian). It is independent of the UI language.
 
 `subjects` is the list of placeable subjects (`defName`, label, `gradeMin`/`gradeMax`,
 `hoursPerWeek`, `skills` with shares, and optional `room`). `room` is the RoomDef the lesson
@@ -104,7 +106,8 @@ Body:
   "startDate": "2012-03-31T06:00:00Z",
   "modIds": [],
   "map": null,
-  "nameSetId": "Slavic"
+  "nameSetId": "Slavic",
+  "nativeLanguage": null
 }
 ```
 
@@ -112,6 +115,8 @@ Body:
 pack set's default layout. A supplied map is validated as a connected yard-and-rooms graph.
 `nameSetId` is a `NameSetDef`; omit it to use the first placeable set in the catalog (vanilla:
 `Slavic`). Unknown ids return `400` `unknown-name-set`.
+`nativeLanguage` is a skill from that set's `nativeLanguages`. Omit it (or send `null`) to pick
+one from the school seed. An id that is not in the set returns `400` `unknown-native-language`.
 
 | Status | Meaning |
 | --- | --- |
@@ -122,6 +127,7 @@ pack set's default layout. A supplied map is validated as a connected yard-and-r
 | `400` `unknown-mod` | An extra pack id is missing under `mods/`. |
 | `400` `invalid-catalog` | The selected packs could not be loaded. |
 | `400` `unknown-name-set` | `nameSetId` is not a placeable `NameSetDef` in those packs. |
+| `400` `unknown-native-language` | `nativeLanguage` is not in that name set's `nativeLanguages`. |
 | `409` `school-limit-reached` | `maxSchools` schools already exist. |
 
 Failures are RFC 7807 problem details with an extra `code` field — that is what the UI switches on.
@@ -334,8 +340,9 @@ ids that are in neither place stay `404` `unknown-person`.
 ### `POST /api/schools/{id}/staff/hire`
 
 Body: `{ "personId": "a0.p0", "position": "Teacher" }`. Goes through the school's mailbox.
-On success returns the same payload as `GET .../staffing`. `Teacher` needs no room opening;
-other positions fill the first free `RoomDef.positions` slot of that kind.
+On success returns the same payload as `GET .../staffing`, so it takes the same `?lang=ru|en`.
+`Teacher` needs no room opening; other positions fill the first free `RoomDef.positions` slot
+of that kind.
 
 | Status | `code` | When |
 | --- | --- | --- |
@@ -351,7 +358,8 @@ other positions fill the first free `RoomDef.positions` slot of that kind.
 
 ### `POST /api/schools/{id}/staff/{personId}/subjects`
 
-Body: `{ "subject": "Mathematics" }`. Teachers only. Same success payload as GET staffing.
+Body: `{ "subject": "Mathematics" }`. Teachers only. Same success payload as GET staffing,
+and the same `?lang=ru|en`.
 
 | Status | `code` | When |
 | --- | --- | --- |
@@ -363,8 +371,8 @@ Body: `{ "subject": "Mathematics" }`. Teachers only. Same success payload as GET
 
 ### `DELETE /api/schools/{id}/staff/{personId}/subjects/{subject}`
 
-Removes one assignment. Payroll drops when the subject was not the only one. Unknown
-assignment is `404` `unknown-assignment`.
+Removes one assignment. Payroll drops when the subject was not the only one. Same success
+payload and `?lang=ru|en` as the other two. Unknown assignment is `404` `unknown-assignment`.
 
 ### `GET /api/schools/{id}/timetable`
 

src/HSchool.Client/src/i18n/strings.ts

@@ -42,10 +42,14 @@ const ru = {
   errorUnknownMod: 'Выбранный мод не найден.',
   errorInvalidCatalog: 'Не удалось загрузить выбранные моды.',
   errorUnknownNameSet: 'Выбранный набор имён не найден.',
+  errorUnknownNativeLanguage: 'Выбранный родной язык не входит в этот набор имён.',
   catalogLoadFailed: 'Не удалось загрузить каталог модов.',
 
   modsTitle: 'Моды',
   nameSetTitle: 'Набор имён',
+  nativeLanguageTitle: 'Родной язык',
+  nativeLanguageRandom: 'Случайный',
+  randomNativeTitle: 'Выбрать язык наугад',
   coreModLocked: '{id} (всегда включён)',
   mapEditorTitle: 'Карта',
   editMap: 'Редактировать карту',
@@ -135,6 +139,16 @@ const ru = {
   staffUncoveredEmpty: 'Все предметы существующих параллелей кем-то ведутся.',
   staffApplicants: 'Соискатели',
   staffApplicantsEmpty: 'Пул пуст.',
+  staffApplicantsOpen: 'Открыть список',
+  staffApplicantsCount: 'В пуле: {n}',
+  staffApplicantsSearch: 'Имя',
+  staffApplicantsSearchHint: 'Поиск по имени',
+  staffApplicantsKind: 'Кто',
+  staffApplicantsKindAll: 'Все',
+  staffApplicantsKindParent: 'Родители',
+  staffApplicantsKindOther: 'Со стороны',
+  staffApplicantsNoMatches: 'Никто не подходит под фильтр.',
+  staffApplicantsPickHint: 'Выберите соискателя в списке.',
   staffHired: 'Штат',
   staffHiredEmpty: 'Никого не наняли.',
   staffColName: 'ФИО',
@@ -148,7 +162,7 @@ const ru = {
   staffAsk: '{hourly}/ч · {monthly}/мес',
   staffSubjectRange: '{label} ({min}–{max})',
   staffParent: 'родитель',
-  staffPickHint: 'Выберите соискателя или работника в списке.',
+  staffPickHint: 'Выберите сотрудника в списке или откройте соискателей.',
   staffHireTitle: 'Наём',
   staffHire: 'Нанять',
   staffPosition: 'Должность',
@@ -240,10 +254,14 @@ const en: Messages = {
   errorUnknownMod: 'A selected mod is missing.',
   errorInvalidCatalog: 'The selected packs could not be loaded.',
   errorUnknownNameSet: 'The selected name set is not in the catalog.',
+  errorUnknownNativeLanguage: 'The selected native language is not in that name set.',
   catalogLoadFailed: 'Could not load the mod catalog.',
 
   modsTitle: 'Mods',
   nameSetTitle: 'Name set',
+  nativeLanguageTitle: 'Native language',
+  nativeLanguageRandom: 'Random',
+  randomNativeTitle: 'Pick a language at random',
   coreModLocked: '{id} (always on)',
   mapEditorTitle: 'Map',
   editMap: 'Edit map',
@@ -333,6 +351,16 @@ const en: Messages = {
   staffUncoveredEmpty: 'Every subject in the existing year-groups has a teacher.',
   staffApplicants: 'Applicants',
   staffApplicantsEmpty: 'The pool is empty.',
+  staffApplicantsOpen: 'Open list',
+  staffApplicantsCount: '{n} in the pool',
+  staffApplicantsSearch: 'Name',
+  staffApplicantsSearchHint: 'Search by name',
+  staffApplicantsKind: 'Who',
+  staffApplicantsKindAll: 'All',
+  staffApplicantsKindParent: 'Parents',
+  staffApplicantsKindOther: 'Outside',
+  staffApplicantsNoMatches: 'Nobody matches the filter.',
+  staffApplicantsPickHint: 'Select an applicant in the list.',
   staffHired: 'Staff',
   staffHiredEmpty: 'Nobody hired yet.',
   staffColName: 'Name',
@@ -346,7 +374,7 @@ const en: Messages = {
   staffAsk: '{hourly}/h · {monthly}/mo',
   staffSubjectRange: '{label} ({min}–{max})',
   staffParent: 'parent',
-  staffPickHint: 'Select an applicant or a staff member in the list.',
+  staffPickHint: 'Select a staff member in the list, or open the applicants.',
   staffHireTitle: 'Hire',
   staffHire: 'Hire',
   staffPosition: 'Position',

src/HSchool.Client/src/net/api.ts

@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ export interface CreateSchoolOptions {
   readonly modIds?: readonly string[];
   readonly map?: MapLayout;
   readonly nameSetId?: string;
+  readonly nativeLanguage?: string;
 }
 
 export async function createSchool(
@@ -66,6 +67,7 @@ export async function createSchool(
       modIds: extras.modIds ?? [],
       map: extras.map ?? null,
       nameSetId: extras.nameSetId ?? null,
+      nativeLanguage: extras.nativeLanguage ?? null,
     }),
   });
 }
@@ -81,6 +83,12 @@ export interface DefInfo {
   readonly pupilSlots?: number;
 }
 
+export interface NameSetInfo {
+  readonly defName: string;
+  readonly label: string;
+  readonly nativeLanguages: readonly DefInfo[];
+}
+
 export interface RoomSlotInfo {
   readonly key: string;
   readonly thing: string;
@@ -153,7 +161,7 @@ export interface CatalogResponse {
   readonly rooms: readonly RoomInfo[];
   readonly things: readonly DefInfo[];
   readonly defaultMap: MapLayout;
-  readonly nameSets: readonly DefInfo[];
+  readonly nameSets: readonly NameSetInfo[];
   readonly subjects: readonly SubjectInfo[];
   readonly dayFrame: DayFrameInfo | null;
   readonly holidays: readonly HolidayInfo[];
@@ -324,6 +332,7 @@ export interface StaffingApplicant {
   readonly hourlyWageAsk: number;
   readonly monthlyBase: number;
   readonly skills: readonly LabeledStat[];
+  readonly traits: readonly DefLabel[];
 }
 
 export interface StaffMember {

src/HSchool.Client/src/style.css

@@ -792,8 +792,14 @@ body {
   font-size: 13px;
 }
 
+.staffing__summary {
+  margin: 0 0 8px;
+  color: var(--text-muted);
+  font-size: 13px;
+}
+
 .staffing__list-section .people__table-wrap {
-  max-height: 220px;
+  max-height: 320px;
 }
 
 .timetable {
@@ -1015,6 +1021,50 @@ body {
   margin-top: 12px;
 }
 
+.dialog--applicants .screen__header,
+.dialog--applicants .staffing__error,
+.dialog--applicants .people__toolbar {
+  flex: 0 0 auto;
+}
+
+.dialog--applicants[open] {
+  width: min(1280px, calc(100vw - 32px));
+  height: min(840px, calc(100dvh - 48px));
+  max-height: calc(100dvh - 48px);
+  overflow: hidden;
+}
+
+.dialog--applicants .applicants__split {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.7fr) minmax(280px, 0.9fr);
+  gap: 16px;
+  flex: 1 1 auto;
+  min-height: 0;
+  overflow: hidden;
+}
+
+.dialog--applicants .applicants__table {
+  min-height: 0;
+}
+
+.dialog--applicants .applicants__card {
+  min-height: 0;
+  overflow: auto;
+  padding: 0;
+}
+
+.dialog--applicants .applicants__count {
+  margin: 0;
+  color: var(--text-muted);
+  font-size: 13px;
+}
+
+.people__table td.applicants__cell--wrap {
+  white-space: normal;
+  max-width: 28em;
+  line-height: 1.35;
+}
+
 .dialog::backdrop {
   background: rgba(6, 9, 14, 0.7);
 }

src/HSchool.Client/src/ui/applicantsDialog.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,412 @@
+import {
+  fetchPerson,
+  hireStaff,
+  type PersonCard,
+  type Staffing,
+  type StaffingApplicant,
+} from '../net/api.ts';
+import { getLocale } from '../i18n/locale.ts';
+import { t, type MessageKey } from '../i18n/strings.ts';
+import { clear, el } from './dom.ts';
+import { Modal } from './modal.ts';
+import { formatPersonPlace, renderPersonCard } from './personCard.ts';
+import {
+  actionError,
+  fillSelect,
+  formatMoney,
+  formatSkill,
+  formatTraits,
+  parseOptionalInt,
+} from './staffingUi.ts';
+
+const TEACHER = 'Teacher';
+
+type ApplicantSort = 'name' | 'age' | 'ask';
+
+const SORT_COLUMNS: readonly { sort: ApplicantSort; label: MessageKey }[] = [
+  { sort: 'name', label: 'staffColName' },
+  { sort: 'age', label: 'peopleColAge' },
+  { sort: 'ask', label: 'staffColAsk' },
+];
+
+export interface ApplicantsDialogOptions {
+  readonly schoolId: number;
+  readonly staffing: Staffing;
+  readonly locate: (id: string) => string;
+  readonly selectedId?: string;
+  readonly onChange: (staffing: Staffing, hiredId: string) => void;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Full-size applicant browser. The management pane only has room for a summary; comparing
+ * skills and asks needs a table that can actually scroll, plus the person card beside it.
+ */
+export class ApplicantsDialog {
+  private readonly error = el('p', { class: 'staffing__error' });
+  private readonly title = el('h2', { class: 'screen__title' });
+  private readonly count = el('p', { class: 'applicants__count' });
+  private readonly searchLabel = el('span', { class: 'people__label' });
+  private readonly search = el('input', { class: 'input people__input', type: 'search' });
+  private readonly sexLabel = el('span', { class: 'people__label' });
+  private readonly sexSelect = el('select', { class: 'input people__input' });
+  private readonly kindLabel = el('span', { class: 'people__label' });
+  private readonly kindSelect = el('select', { class: 'input people__input' });
+  private readonly ageFromLabel = el('span', { class: 'people__label' });
+  private readonly ageMinInput = el('input', { class: 'input input--count', type: 'number' });
+  private readonly ageToLabel = el('span', { class: 'people__label' });
+  private readonly ageMaxInput = el('input', { class: 'input input--count', type: 'number' });
+  private readonly table = el('table', { class: 'people__table' });
+  private readonly empty = el('p', { class: 'panel__empty' });
+  private readonly card = el('aside', { class: 'panel__body people__card applicants__card' });
+  private readonly positionSelect = el('select', { class: 'input people__input' });
+  private readonly closeButton = el('button', { class: 'button button--primary', type: 'button' });
+
+  private modal: Modal<void> | null = null;
+  private staffing: Staffing;
+  private selectedId: string | null;
+  private sort: ApplicantSort = 'name';
+  private dir: 'asc' | 'desc' = 'asc';
+  private cardToken = 0;
+  private busy = false;
+  private painted: PersonCard | null = null;
+
+  constructor(private readonly options: ApplicantsDialogOptions) {
+    this.staffing = options.staffing;
+    this.selectedId = options.selectedId ?? null;
+    this.error.hidden = true;
+    this.ageMinInput.min = '0';
+    this.ageMaxInput.min = '0';
+    this.search.addEventListener('input', () => this.paintList());
+    this.sexSelect.addEventListener('change', () => this.paintList());
+    this.kindSelect.addEventListener('change', () => this.paintList());
+    this.ageMinInput.addEventListener('change', () => this.paintList());
+    this.ageMaxInput.addEventListener('change', () => this.paintList());
+    this.closeButton.addEventListener('click', () => this.modal?.close(undefined));
+  }
+
+  open(): Promise<void> {
+    const modal = new Modal<void>(undefined);
+    this.modal = modal;
+    modal.element.classList.add('dialog--screen', 'dialog--applicants');
+    modal.element.append(
+      el('header', { class: 'screen__header' }, this.title, el('div', { class: 'screen__actions' }, this.count)),
+      this.error,
+      el(
+        'div',
+        { class: 'people__toolbar' },
+        el('label', { class: 'people__field' }, this.searchLabel, this.search),
+        el('label', { class: 'people__field' }, this.sexLabel, this.sexSelect),
+        el('label', { class: 'people__field' }, this.kindLabel, this.kindSelect),
+        el('label', { class: 'people__field' }, this.ageFromLabel, this.ageMinInput),
+        el('label', { class: 'people__field' }, this.ageToLabel, this.ageMaxInput),
+      ),
+      el(
+        'div',
+        { class: 'applicants__split' },
+        el('div', { class: 'people__table-wrap applicants__table' }, this.table, this.empty),
+        this.card,
+      ),
+      el('div', { class: 'dialog__actions' }, this.closeButton),
+    );
+    this.localize();
+    return modal.open(this.search).finally(() => {
+      this.modal = null;
+    });
+  }
+
+  localize(): void {
+    this.title.textContent = t('staffApplicants');
+    this.searchLabel.textContent = t('staffApplicantsSearch');
+    this.search.placeholder = t('staffApplicantsSearchHint');
+    this.sexLabel.textContent = t('peopleSex');
+    this.kindLabel.textContent = t('staffApplicantsKind');
+    this.ageFromLabel.textContent = t('peopleAgeFrom');
+    this.ageToLabel.textContent = t('peopleAgeTo');
+    this.closeButton.textContent = t('done');
+    this.empty.textContent = t('staffApplicantsEmpty');
+    fillFixedSelect(this.sexSelect, [
+      { value: '', label: t('peopleSexAll') },
+      { value: 'female', label: t('peopleFemale') },
+      { value: 'male', label: t('peopleMale') },
+    ]);
+    fillFixedSelect(this.kindSelect, [
+      { value: '', label: t('staffApplicantsKindAll') },
+      { value: 'parent', label: t('staffApplicantsKindParent') },
+      { value: 'other', label: t('staffApplicantsKindOther') },
+    ]);
+    this.paintList();
+    if (this.selectedId !== null) {
+      void this.openCard(this.selectedId);
+    } else {
+      this.paintCard(null);
+    }
+  }
+
+  setStaffing(staffing: Staffing): void {
+    this.staffing = staffing;
+    if (this.selectedId !== null && !staffing.applicants.some((row) => row.id === this.selectedId)) {
+      this.selectedId = null;
+      this.paintCard(null);
+    }
+
+    this.paintList();
+    if (this.selectedId !== null) {
+      this.appendHireIfNeeded();
+    }
+  }
+
+  select(id: string): void {
+    this.selectedId = id;
+    this.clearError();
+    this.paintList();
+    void this.openCard(id);
+  }
+
+  private filtered(): StaffingApplicant[] {
+    const query = this.search.value.trim().toLocaleLowerCase(getLocale());
+    const sex = this.sexSelect.value;
+    const kind = this.kindSelect.value;
+    const ageMin = parseOptionalInt(this.ageMinInput.value);
+    const ageMax = parseOptionalInt(this.ageMaxInput.value);
+    const rows = this.staffing.applicants.filter((applicant) => {
+      if (query.length > 0 && !applicant.fullName.toLocaleLowerCase(getLocale()).includes(query)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      if (sex === 'female' && !applicant.female) {
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      if (sex === 'male' && applicant.female) {
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      if (kind === 'parent' && !applicant.isParent) {
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      if (kind === 'other' && applicant.isParent) {
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      if (ageMin !== undefined && applicant.age < ageMin) {
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      if (ageMax !== undefined && applicant.age > ageMax) {
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      return true;
+    });
+
+    const factor = this.dir === 'asc' ? 1 : -1;
+    rows.sort((left, right) => {
+      const compared =
+        this.sort === 'age'
+          ? left.age - right.age
+          : this.sort === 'ask'
+            ? left.hourlyWageAsk - right.hourlyWageAsk
+            : left.fullName.localeCompare(right.fullName, getLocale());
+      return compared === 0 ? left.id.localeCompare(right.id, getLocale()) : compared * factor;
+    });
+    return rows;
+  }
+
+  private paintList(): void {
+    const total = this.staffing.applicants.length;
+    this.count.textContent = t('staffApplicantsCount', { n: total });
+    const rows = this.filtered();
+    const hasRows = rows.length > 0;
+    this.empty.hidden = hasRows;
+    this.table.hidden = !hasRows;
+    this.empty.textContent = total === 0 ? t('staffApplicantsEmpty') : t('staffApplicantsNoMatches');
+    clear(this.table);
+    if (!hasRows) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const head = el('tr');
+    for (const column of SORT_COLUMNS) {
+      const button = el('button', {
+        class: 'people__sort',
+        type: 'button',
+        text: t(column.label),
+        onClick: () => this.onSort(column.sort),
+      });
+      button.setAttribute(
+        'aria-sort',
+        this.sort === column.sort ? (this.dir === 'asc' ? 'ascending' : 'descending') : 'none',
+      );
+      head.append(el('th', {}, button));
+    }
+
+    head.append(
+      el('th', { text: t('staffColPay') }),
+      el('th', { text: t('peopleColSex') }),
+      el('th', { text: t('staffColSkills') }),
+      el('th', { text: t('peopleTraits') }),
+    );
+
+    const body = el('tbody');
+    for (const applicant of rows) {
+      const selected = applicant.id === this.selectedId;
+      const row = el('tr', {
+        class: selected ? 'people__row people__row--active' : 'people__row',
+        dataset: { personId: applicant.id },
+        onClick: () => this.select(applicant.id),
+      });
+      const name = el('td', { text: applicant.fullName });
+      if (applicant.isParent) {
+        name.append(el('span', { class: 'staffing__badge', text: t('staffParent') }));
+      }
+
+      row.append(
+        name,
+        el('td', { text: String(applicant.age) }),
+        el('td', { text: formatMoney(applicant.hourlyWageAsk) }),
+        el('td', { text: formatMoney(applicant.monthlyBase) }),
+        el('td', { text: applicant.female ? t('peopleFemale') : t('peopleMale') }),
+        el('td', {
+          class: 'applicants__cell--wrap',
+          text: applicant.skills.map(formatSkill).join(' · ') || '—',
+        }),
+        el('td', { class: 'applicants__cell--wrap', text: formatTraits(applicant.traits) }),
+      );
+      body.append(row);
+    }
+
+    this.table.append(el('thead', {}, head), body);
+  }
+
+  private onSort(sort: ApplicantSort): void {
+    if (this.sort === sort) {
+      this.dir = this.dir === 'asc' ? 'desc' : 'asc';
+    } else {
+      this.sort = sort;
+      this.dir = 'asc';
+    }
+
+    this.paintList();
+  }
+
+  private async openCard(personId: string): Promise<void> {
+    const token = ++this.cardToken;
+    try {
+      const card = await fetchPerson(this.options.schoolId, personId, getLocale());
+      if (token !== this.cardToken) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      this.paintCard(card);
+    } catch {
+      if (token !== this.cardToken) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      clear(this.card);
+      this.card.append(el('p', { class: 'panel__empty', text: t('peopleCardFailed') }));
+    }
+  }
+
+  private paintCard(card: PersonCard | null): void {
+    clear(this.card);
+    this.painted = card;
+    if (card === null) {
+      this.card.append(el('p', { class: 'panel__empty', text: t('staffApplicantsPickHint') }));
+      return;
+    }
+
+    renderPersonCard(this.card, card, (id) => this.openRelative(id), this.placeOf(card.id));
+    this.appendHireIfNeeded();
+  }
+
+  private appendHireIfNeeded(): void {
+    const applicant = this.staffing.applicants.find((row) => row.id === this.painted?.id);
+    if (applicant === undefined) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    fillSelect(
+      this.positionSelect,
+      this.staffing.positions.map((row) => ({ value: row.defName, label: row.label })),
+      TEACHER,
+    );
+    const actions = el('div', { class: 'staffing__actions' });
+    actions.append(
+      el('h4', { class: 'people__section-title', text: t('staffHireTitle') }),
+      el(
+        'label',
+        { class: 'people__field' },
+        el('span', { class: 'people__label', text: t('staffPosition') }),
+        this.positionSelect,
+      ),
+      el('button', {
+        class: 'button',
+        type: 'button',
+        text: t('staffHire'),
+        disabled: this.busy,
+        onClick: () => void this.hire(applicant.id),
+      }),
+    );
+    this.card.append(actions);
+  }
+
+  private openRelative(personId: string): void {
+    if (this.staffing.applicants.some((row) => row.id === personId)) {
+      this.select(personId);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private placeOf(id: string): string {
+    return this.options.locate(id) || formatPersonPlace('away');
+  }
+
+  private async hire(personId: string): Promise<void> {
+    if (this.busy) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    this.busy = true;
+    this.clearError();
+    try {
+      const staffing = await hireStaff(this.options.schoolId, personId, this.positionSelect.value, getLocale());
+      this.staffing = staffing;
+      this.selectedId = null;
+      this.options.onChange(staffing, personId);
+      this.paintList();
+      this.paintCard(null);
+    } catch (error) {
+      this.showError(actionError(error));
+    } finally {
+      this.busy = false;
+      if (this.painted !== null && this.selectedId === this.painted.id) {
+        this.paintCard(this.painted);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private showError(message: string): void {
+    this.error.hidden = false;
+    this.error.textContent = message;
+  }
+
+  private clearError(): void {
+    this.error.hidden = true;
+    this.error.textContent = '';
+  }
+}
+
+function fillFixedSelect(select: HTMLSelectElement, items: readonly { value: string; label: string }[]): void {
+  const current = select.value;
+  select.replaceChildren();
+  for (const item of items) {
+    const option = el('option', { text: item.label });
+    option.value = item.value;
+    select.append(option);
+  }
+
+  if ([...select.options].some((option) => option.value === current)) {
+    select.value = current;
+  }
+}

src/HSchool.Client/src/ui/createSchoolDialog.ts

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ export function createSchoolDialog(options: CreateSchoolOptions): Promise<School
   let catalog: CatalogResponse | null = null;
   let currentMap: MapLayout | null = null;
   let nameSetId: string | null = null;
+  let nativeLanguageId: string | null = null;
 
   const modsField = el('div', { class: 'field' });
   const modsLabel = el('span', { class: 'field__label' });
@@ -44,6 +45,23 @@ export function createSchoolDialog(options: CreateSchoolOptions): Promise<School
   const nameSetField = el('label', { class: 'field' }, nameSetLabel, nameSetSelect);
   nameSetSelect.addEventListener('change', () => {
     nameSetId = nameSetSelect.value === '' ? null : nameSetSelect.value;
+    nativeLanguageId = null;
+    if (catalog !== null) {
+      paintNativeLanguages(catalog);
+    }
+  });
+
+  const nativeLabel = el('span', { class: 'field__label' });
+  const nativeSelect = el('select', { class: 'input' });
+  const nativeRandomButton = el('button', { class: 'button', type: 'button' });
+  const nativeField = el(
+    'div',
+    { class: 'field' },
+    nativeLabel,
+    el('div', { class: 'field__row' }, nativeSelect, nativeRandomButton),
+  );
+  nativeSelect.addEventListener('change', () => {
+    nativeLanguageId = nativeSelect.value === '' ? null : nativeSelect.value;
   });
 
   const mapLabel = el('span', { class: 'field__label' });
@@ -87,6 +105,7 @@ export function createSchoolDialog(options: CreateSchoolOptions): Promise<School
     el('div', { class: 'field' }, startLabel, el('div', { class: 'field__row' }, dateInput, timeInput)),
     modsField,
     nameSetField,
+    nativeField,
     mapField,
     error,
     el('div', { class: 'dialog__actions' }, cancelButton, submitButton),
@@ -99,6 +118,7 @@ export function createSchoolDialog(options: CreateSchoolOptions): Promise<School
     const waiting = value || catalog === null;
     submitButton.toggleAttribute('disabled', waiting);
     randomButton.toggleAttribute('disabled', value);
+    nativeRandomButton.toggleAttribute('disabled', value || languagesOf(catalog, nameSetId).length <= 1);
     editMapButton.toggleAttribute('disabled', waiting);
   };
 
@@ -123,7 +143,11 @@ export function createSchoolDialog(options: CreateSchoolOptions): Promise<School
     currentMap = structuredClone(next.defaultMap);
     const stillThere = next.nameSets.some((set) => set.defName === nameSetId);
     nameSetId = stillThere ? nameSetId : (next.nameSets[0]?.defName ?? null);
+    if (!languagesOf(next, nameSetId).some((language) => language.defName === nativeLanguageId)) {
+      nativeLanguageId = null;
+    }
     paintNameSets(next);
+    paintNativeLanguages(next);
     paintMapHint();
     setBusy(busy);
   };
@@ -140,6 +164,24 @@ export function createSchoolDialog(options: CreateSchoolOptions): Promise<School
     nameSetSelect.disabled = next.nameSets.length <= 1;
   };
 
+  const paintNativeLanguages = (next: CatalogResponse): void => {
+    const languages = languagesOf(next, nameSetId);
+    nativeSelect.replaceChildren();
+    const random = el('option', { text: t('nativeLanguageRandom') });
+    random.value = '';
+    nativeSelect.append(random);
+    for (const language of languages) {
+      const option = el('option', { text: language.label });
+      option.value = language.defName;
+      nativeSelect.append(option);
+    }
+
+    nativeSelect.value = nativeLanguageId ?? '';
+    nativeSelect.disabled = languages.length <= 1;
+    nativeRandomButton.toggleAttribute('disabled', busy || languages.length <= 1);
+    nativeField.hidden = languages.length === 0;
+  };
+
   const reloadCatalog = async (): Promise<void> => {
     try {
       applyCatalog(await fetchCatalog(getLocale(), [...extraModIds]));
@@ -193,6 +235,9 @@ export function createSchoolDialog(options: CreateSchoolOptions): Promise<School
     title.textContent = t('newSchool');
     modsLabel.textContent = t('modsTitle');
     nameSetLabel.textContent = t('nameSetTitle');
+    nativeLabel.textContent = t('nativeLanguageTitle');
+    nativeRandomButton.textContent = t('randomName');
+    nativeRandomButton.title = t('randomNativeTitle');
     nameLabel.textContent = t('schoolName');
     startLabel.textContent = t('gameStart');
     mapLabel.textContent = t('mapEditorTitle');
@@ -205,6 +250,7 @@ export function createSchoolDialog(options: CreateSchoolOptions): Promise<School
     paintMapHint();
     if (catalog !== null) {
       paintNameSets(catalog);
+      paintNativeLanguages(catalog);
     }
   };
 
@@ -222,6 +268,20 @@ export function createSchoolDialog(options: CreateSchoolOptions): Promise<School
     });
   });
 
+  nativeRandomButton.addEventListener('click', () => {
+    if (busy || catalog === null) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const languages = languagesOf(catalog, nameSetId);
+    if (languages.length === 0) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    nativeLanguageId = languages[Math.floor(Math.random() * languages.length)]?.defName ?? null;
+    nativeSelect.value = nativeLanguageId ?? '';
+  });
+
   randomButton.addEventListener('click', () => {
     if (busy) {
       return;
@@ -256,6 +316,7 @@ export function createSchoolDialog(options: CreateSchoolOptions): Promise<School
         modIds: [...extraModIds],
         map: currentMap,
         nameSetId: nameSetId ?? undefined,
+        nativeLanguage: nativeLanguageId ?? undefined,
       })
       .then((school) => modal.close(school))
       .catch((reason: unknown) => {
@@ -270,6 +331,14 @@ export function createSchoolDialog(options: CreateSchoolOptions): Promise<School
   return modal.open(nameInput);
 }
 
+function languagesOf(catalog: CatalogResponse | null, nameSetId: string | null): readonly { readonly defName: string; readonly label: string }[] {
+  if (catalog === null || nameSetId === null) {
+    return [];
+  }
+
+  return catalog.nameSets.find((set) => set.defName === nameSetId)?.nativeLanguages ?? [];
+}
+
 function mapsEqual(left: MapLayout, right: MapLayout): boolean {
   return JSON.stringify(left) === JSON.stringify(right);
 }
@@ -294,6 +363,8 @@ function describe(reason: unknown): string {
       return t('errorInvalidCatalog');
     case 'unknown-name-set':
       return t('errorUnknownNameSet');
+    case 'unknown-native-language':
+      return t('errorUnknownNativeLanguage');
     default:
       return reason.message;
   }

src/HSchool.Client/src/ui/managementPanel.ts

@@ -1,32 +1,27 @@
 import {
-  ApiError,
   assignSubject,
   fetchPerson,
   fetchStaffing,
   fetchTimetable,
-  hireStaff,
   unassignSubject,
   type PersonCard,
   type Staffing,
-  type StaffingApplicant,
   type StaffMember,
   type Timetable,
 } from '../net/api.ts';
-import { getLocale, intlTag } from '../i18n/locale.ts';
+import { getLocale } from '../i18n/locale.ts';
 import { t } from '../i18n/strings.ts';
+import { ApplicantsDialog } from './applicantsDialog.ts';
 import { clear, el } from './dom.ts';
 import { formatPersonPlace, renderPersonCard } from './personCard.ts';
+import { actionError, fillSelect, formatHours, formatMoney } from './staffingUi.ts';
 import { personTimetableQuery, TimetableGrid } from './timetableGrid.ts';
 
 const TEACHER = 'Teacher';
 
-type Selection =
-  | { readonly kind: 'applicant'; readonly id: string }
-  | { readonly kind: 'staff'; readonly id: string };
-
 /**
- * Left: money, coverage, applicants, staff. Right: the same person card as People, plus hire
- * and subject actions. HTTP only — the clock stays on the bar above.
+ * Left: money, coverage, a door into the applicant window, staff. Right: the person card plus
+ * subject actions. HTTP only — the clock stays on the bar above.
  */
 export class ManagementPanel {
   readonly listElement: HTMLElement;
@@ -38,8 +33,8 @@ export class ManagementPanel {
   private readonly uncovered = el('div', { class: 'people__tags' });
   private readonly uncoveredEmpty = el('p', { class: 'panel__empty' });
   private readonly applicantsTitle = el('h3', { class: 'panel__section-title' });
-  private readonly applicantsTable = el('table', { class: 'people__table' });
-  private readonly applicantsEmpty = el('p', { class: 'panel__empty' });
+  private readonly applicantsSummary = el('p', { class: 'staffing__summary' });
+  private readonly applicantsButton = el('button', { class: 'button', type: 'button' });
   private readonly staffTitle = el('h3', { class: 'panel__section-title' });
   private readonly staffTable = el('table', { class: 'people__table' });
   private readonly staffEmpty = el('p', { class: 'panel__empty' });
@@ -56,22 +51,23 @@ export class ManagementPanel {
   private readonly personGrid = new TimetableGrid({ editable: false, showClass: true });
   private readonly personTimetableTitle = el('h4', { class: 'people__section-title' });
   private readonly card = el('aside', { class: 'panel__body people__card' });
-  private readonly positionSelect = el('select', { class: 'input people__input' });
   private readonly subjectSelect = el('select', { class: 'input people__input' });
 
   private schoolId: number | null = null;
   private staffing: Staffing | null = null;
   private timetable: Timetable | null = null;
   private classId: string | null = null;
-  private selection: Selection | null = null;
+  private selectedId: string | null = null;
   private loadToken = 0;
   private cardToken = 0;
   private busy = false;
   private locate: ((id: string) => string) | null = null;
   private painted: PersonCard | null = null;
+  private poolDialog: ApplicantsDialog | null = null;
 
   constructor() {
     this.error.hidden = true;
+    this.applicantsButton.addEventListener('click', () => void this.openApplicants());
     this.listElement = el(
       'div',
       { class: 'panel__body staffing' },
@@ -80,9 +76,10 @@ export class ManagementPanel {
       el('div', { class: 'panel__section' }, this.uncoveredTitle, this.uncoveredEmpty, this.uncovered),
       el(
         'div',
-        { class: 'panel__section staffing__list-section' },
+        { class: 'panel__section' },
         this.applicantsTitle,
-        el('div', { class: 'people__table-wrap' }, this.applicantsTable, this.applicantsEmpty),
+        this.applicantsSummary,
+        this.applicantsButton,
       ),
       el(
         'div',
@@ -109,18 +106,19 @@ export class ManagementPanel {
   localize(): void {
     this.uncoveredTitle.textContent = t('staffUncovered');
     this.applicantsTitle.textContent = t('staffApplicants');
+    this.applicantsButton.textContent = t('staffApplicantsOpen');
     this.staffTitle.textContent = t('staffHired');
     this.timetableTitle.textContent = t('timetableTitle');
     this.classLabel.textContent = t('timetableClass');
     this.uncoveredEmpty.textContent = t('staffUncoveredEmpty');
-    this.applicantsEmpty.textContent = t('staffApplicantsEmpty');
     this.staffEmpty.textContent = t('staffHiredEmpty');
     this.timetableGrid.localize();
     this.personGrid.localize();
     this.personTimetableTitle.textContent = t('timetableTitle');
     this.paint();
-    if (this.selection !== null) {
-      void this.openCard(this.selection);
+    this.poolDialog?.localize();
+    if (this.selectedId !== null) {
+      void this.openCard(this.selectedId);
     } else {
       this.paintCard(null);
     }
@@ -130,7 +128,7 @@ export class ManagementPanel {
     const switched = this.schoolId !== schoolId;
     this.schoolId = schoolId;
     if (switched) {
-      this.selection = null;
+      this.selectedId = null;
       this.staffing = null;
       this.timetable = null;
       this.classId = null;
@@ -167,9 +165,10 @@ export class ManagementPanel {
       this.syncClass(timetable);
       this.syncSelection();
       this.paint();
+      this.poolDialog?.setStaffing(staffing);
       this.timetableGrid.setTable(timetable, this.classId);
-      if (this.selection !== null) {
-        void this.openCard(this.selection);
+      if (this.selectedId !== null) {
+        void this.openCard(this.selectedId);
       } else {
         this.paintCard(null);
       }
@@ -207,21 +206,16 @@ export class ManagementPanel {
 
   private syncSelection(): void {
     const staffing = this.staffing;
-    const selected = this.selection;
+    const selected = this.selectedId;
     if (staffing === null || selected === null) {
       return;
     }
 
-    if (selected.kind === 'applicant' && staffing.applicants.some((row) => row.id === selected.id)) {
+    if (staffing.staff.some((row) => row.id === selected)) {
       return;
     }
 
-    if (staffing.staff.some((row) => row.id === selected.id)) {
-      this.selection = { kind: 'staff', id: selected.id };
-      return;
-    }
-
-    this.selection = null;
+    this.selectedId = null;
   }
 
   private paint(): void {
@@ -274,55 +268,10 @@ export class ManagementPanel {
   }
 
   private paintApplicants(staffing: Staffing | null): void {
-    const rows = staffing?.applicants ?? [];
-    this.applicantsEmpty.hidden = rows.length > 0;
-    this.applicantsTable.hidden = rows.length === 0;
-    clear(this.applicantsTable);
-    if (rows.length === 0) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    const body = el('tbody');
-    this.applicantsTable.append(
-      el(
-        'thead',
-        {},
-        el(
-          'tr',
-          {},
-          el('th', { text: t('staffColName') }),
-          el('th', { text: t('staffColAsk') }),
-          el('th', { text: t('staffColSkills') }),
-        ),
-      ),
-      body,
-    );
-
-    for (const applicant of rows) {
-      const selected = this.selection?.kind === 'applicant' && this.selection.id === applicant.id;
-      const row = el('tr', {
-        class: selected ? 'people__row people__row--active' : 'people__row',
-        dataset: { personId: applicant.id },
-        onClick: () => void this.select({ kind: 'applicant', id: applicant.id }),
-      });
-      const ask = el('td', {
-        text: t('staffAsk', {
-          hourly: formatMoney(applicant.hourlyWageAsk),
-          monthly: formatMoney(applicant.monthlyBase),
-        }),
-      });
-      const name = el('td', { text: applicant.fullName });
-      if (applicant.isParent) {
-        name.append(el('span', { class: 'staffing__badge', text: t('staffParent') }));
-      }
-
-      row.append(
-        name,
-        ask,
-        el('td', { text: applicant.skills.map((skill) => skill.label).join(', ') || '—' }),
-      );
-      body.append(row);
-    }
+    const count = staffing?.applicants.length ?? 0;
+    this.applicantsSummary.textContent =
+      count === 0 ? t('staffApplicantsEmpty') : t('staffApplicantsCount', { n: count });
+    this.applicantsButton.disabled = count === 0;
   }
 
   private paintStaff(staffing: Staffing | null): void {
@@ -343,9 +292,12 @@ export class ManagementPanel {
           'tr',
           {},
           el('th', { text: t('staffColName') }),
+          el('th', { text: t('peopleColAge') }),
+          el('th', { text: t('peopleColSex') }),
           el('th', { text: t('staffColPosition') }),
           el('th', { text: t('staffColSubjects') }),
           el('th', { text: t('staffColHours') }),
+          el('th', { text: t('staffColAsk') }),
           el('th', { text: t('staffColPay') }),
         ),
       ),
@@ -353,11 +305,11 @@ export class ManagementPanel {
     );
 
     for (const member of rows) {
-      const selected = this.selection?.kind === 'staff' && this.selection.id === member.id;
+      const selected = this.selectedId === member.id;
       const row = el('tr', {
         class: selected ? 'people__row people__row--active' : 'people__row',
         dataset: { personId: member.id },
-        onClick: () => void this.select({ kind: 'staff', id: member.id }),
+        onClick: () => void this.select(member.id),
       });
       const name = el('td', { text: member.fullName });
       if (member.isParent) {
@@ -366,23 +318,62 @@ export class ManagementPanel {
 
       row.append(
         name,
+        el('td', { text: String(member.age) }),
+        el('td', { text: member.female ? t('peopleFemale') : t('peopleMale') }),
         el('td', { text: member.positionLabel }),
-        el('td', { text: member.subjects.map((subject) => subject.label).join(', ') || '—' }),
+        el('td', { class: 'applicants__cell--wrap', text: member.subjects.map((subject) => subject.label).join(', ') || '—' }),
         el('td', { text: t('staffHours', { n: formatHours(member.weeklyHours) }) }),
+        el('td', { text: formatMoney(member.hourlyWageAsk) }),
         el('td', { text: formatMoney(member.monthlyPay) }),
       );
       body.append(row);
     }
   }
 
-  private async select(selection: Selection): Promise<void> {
-    this.selection = selection;
+  private async select(personId: string): Promise<void> {
+    this.selectedId = personId;
     this.clearError();
     this.paint();
-    await this.openCard(selection);
+    await this.openCard(personId);
   }
 
-  private async openCard(selection: Selection): Promise<void> {
+  private async openApplicants(selectedId?: string): Promise<void> {
+    const schoolId = this.schoolId;
+    const staffing = this.staffing;
+    if (schoolId === null || staffing === null || staffing.applicants.length === 0) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (this.poolDialog !== null) {
+      if (selectedId !== undefined) {
+        this.poolDialog.select(selectedId);
+      }
+
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const dialog = new ApplicantsDialog({
+      schoolId,
+      staffing,
+      locate: (id) => this.placeOf(id),
+      selectedId,
+      onChange: (next, hiredId) => {
+        this.staffing = next;
+        this.selectedId = hiredId;
+        this.paint();
+        void this.refreshTimetable();
+        void this.openCard(hiredId);
+      },
+    });
+    this.poolDialog = dialog;
+    try {
+      await dialog.open();
+    } finally {
+      this.poolDialog = null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private async openCard(personId: string): Promise<void> {
     const schoolId = this.schoolId;
     if (schoolId === null) {
       return;
@@ -390,7 +381,7 @@ export class ManagementPanel {
 
     const token = ++this.cardToken;
     try {
-      const card = await fetchPerson(schoolId, selection.id, getLocale());
+      const card = await fetchPerson(schoolId, personId, getLocale());
       if (token !== this.cardToken) {
         return;
       }
@@ -462,16 +453,16 @@ export class ManagementPanel {
   private async openRelative(personId: string): Promise<void> {
     const staffing = this.staffing;
     if (staffing !== null && staffing.staff.some((row) => row.id === personId)) {
-      await this.select({ kind: 'staff', id: personId });
+      await this.select(personId);
       return;
     }
 
     if (staffing !== null && staffing.applicants.some((row) => row.id === personId)) {
-      await this.select({ kind: 'applicant', id: personId });
+      await this.openApplicants(personId);
       return;
     }
 
-    await this.select({ kind: 'staff', id: personId });
+    await this.select(personId);
   }
 
   private appendActions(personId: string): void {
@@ -480,45 +471,12 @@ export class ManagementPanel {
       return;
     }
 
-    const applicant = staffing.applicants.find((row) => row.id === personId);
-    if (applicant !== undefined) {
-      this.appendHire(applicant);
-      return;
-    }
-
     const member = staffing.staff.find((row) => row.id === personId);
     if (member !== undefined && member.position === TEACHER) {
       this.appendSubjects(member);
     }
   }
 
-  private appendHire(applicant: StaffingApplicant): void {
-    const staffing = this.staffing;
-    if (staffing === null) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    fillSelect(
-      this.positionSelect,
-      staffing.positions.map((row) => ({ value: row.defName, label: row.label })),
-      TEACHER,
-    );
-
-    const actions = el('div', { class: 'staffing__actions' });
-    actions.append(
-      el('h4', { class: 'people__section-title', text: t('staffHireTitle') }),
-      el('label', { class: 'people__field' }, el('span', { class: 'people__label', text: t('staffPosition') }), this.positionSelect),
-      el('button', {
-        class: 'button',
-        type: 'button',
-        text: t('staffHire'),
-        disabled: this.busy,
-        onClick: () => void this.hire(applicant.id),
-      }),
-    );
-    this.card.append(actions);
-  }
-
   private appendSubjects(member: StaffMember): void {
     const staffing = this.staffing;
     if (staffing === null) {
@@ -574,30 +532,6 @@ export class ManagementPanel {
     this.card.append(actions);
   }
 
-  private async hire(personId: string): Promise<void> {
-    const schoolId = this.schoolId;
-    if (schoolId === null || this.busy) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    this.busy = true;
-    this.clearError();
-    try {
-      const staffing = await hireStaff(schoolId, personId, this.positionSelect.value, getLocale());
-      this.staffing = staffing;
-      this.selection = { kind: 'staff', id: personId };
-      await this.refreshTimetable();
-    } catch (error) {
-      this.showError(actionError(error));
-    } finally {
-      this.busy = false;
-      this.paint();
-      if (this.selection !== null) {
-        await this.openCard(this.selection);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
   private async assign(personId: string): Promise<void> {
     const schoolId = this.schoolId;
     const subject = this.subjectSelect.value;
@@ -609,15 +543,16 @@ export class ManagementPanel {
     this.clearError();
     try {
       this.staffing = await assignSubject(schoolId, personId, subject, getLocale());
-      this.selection = { kind: 'staff', id: personId };
+      this.selectedId = personId;
+      this.poolDialog?.setStaffing(this.staffing);
       await this.refreshTimetable();
     } catch (error) {
       this.showError(actionError(error));
     } finally {
       this.busy = false;
       this.paint();
-      if (this.selection !== null) {
-        await this.openCard(this.selection);
+      if (this.selectedId !== null) {
+        await this.openCard(this.selectedId);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -632,15 +567,16 @@ export class ManagementPanel {
     this.clearError();
     try {
       this.staffing = await unassignSubject(schoolId, personId, subject, getLocale());
-      this.selection = { kind: 'staff', id: personId };
+      this.selectedId = personId;
+      this.poolDialog?.setStaffing(this.staffing);
       await this.refreshTimetable();
     } catch (error) {
       this.showError(actionError(error));
     } finally {
       this.busy = false;
       this.paint();
-      if (this.selection !== null) {
-        await this.openCard(this.selection);
+      if (this.selectedId !== null) {
+        await this.openCard(this.selectedId);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -670,63 +606,3 @@ export class ManagementPanel {
     this.error.textContent = '';
   }
 }
-
-function fillSelect(
-  select: HTMLSelectElement,
-  items: readonly { value: string; label: string }[],
-  preferred: string,
-): void {
-  const current = select.value;
-  select.replaceChildren();
-  for (const item of items) {
-    const option = el('option', { text: item.label });
-    option.value = item.value;
-    select.append(option);
-  }
-
-  if (items.some((item) => item.value === current)) {
-    select.value = current;
-  } else if (items.some((item) => item.value === preferred)) {
-    select.value = preferred;
-  }
-}
-
-function formatHours(value: number): string {
-  return new Intl.NumberFormat(intlTag(), { maximumFractionDigits: 1 }).format(value);
-}
-
-function formatMoney(value: number): string {
-  return new Intl.NumberFormat(intlTag(), { maximumFractionDigits: 2 }).format(value);
-}
-
-function actionError(error: unknown): string {
-  if (!(error instanceof ApiError)) {
-    return t('staffActionFailed');
-  }
-
-  switch (error.code) {
-    case 'payroll-exceeded':
-      return t('staffErrorPayroll', {
-        allocated: formatMoney(error.allocated ?? 0),
-        payroll: formatMoney(error.payroll ?? 0),
-        remaining: formatMoney(error.remaining ?? 0),
-        attempted: formatMoney(error.attempted ?? 0),
-      });
-    case 'already-hired':
-      return t('staffErrorHired');
-    case 'no-opening':
-      return t('staffErrorNoOpening');
-    case 'unknown-applicant':
-      return t('staffErrorUnknownApplicant');
-    case 'unknown-position':
-      return t('staffErrorPosition');
-    case 'not-teacher':
-      return t('staffErrorNotTeacher');
-    case 'already-assigned':
-      return t('staffErrorAssigned');
-    case 'unknown-subject':
-      return t('staffErrorSubject');
-    default:
-      return error.message.length > 0 ? error.message : t('staffActionFailed');
-  }
-}

src/HSchool.Client/src/ui/staffingUi.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+import { ApiError, type DefLabel } from '../net/api.ts';
+import { intlTag } from '../i18n/locale.ts';
+import { t } from '../i18n/strings.ts';
+import { el } from './dom.ts';
+
+export function fillSelect(
+  select: HTMLSelectElement,
+  items: readonly { value: string; label: string }[],
+  preferred: string,
+): void {
+  const current = select.value;
+  select.replaceChildren();
+  for (const item of items) {
+    const option = el('option', { text: item.label });
+    option.value = item.value;
+    select.append(option);
+  }
+
+  if (items.some((item) => item.value === current)) {
+    select.value = current;
+  } else if (items.some((item) => item.value === preferred)) {
+    select.value = preferred;
+  }
+}
+
+export function formatHours(value: number): string {
+  return new Intl.NumberFormat(intlTag(), { maximumFractionDigits: 1 }).format(value);
+}
+
+export function formatMoney(value: number): string {
+  return new Intl.NumberFormat(intlTag(), { maximumFractionDigits: 2 }).format(value);
+}
+
+export function formatSkill(skill: { readonly label: string; readonly value: string }): string {
+  return `${skill.label} ${skill.value}`;
+}
+
+export function formatTraits(traits: readonly DefLabel[]): string {
+  return traits.map((trait) => trait.label).join(', ') || '—';
+}
+
+export function actionError(error: unknown): string {
+  if (!(error instanceof ApiError)) {
+    return t('staffActionFailed');
+  }
+
+  switch (error.code) {
+    case 'payroll-exceeded':
+      return t('staffErrorPayroll', {
+        allocated: formatMoney(error.allocated ?? 0),
+        payroll: formatMoney(error.payroll ?? 0),
+        remaining: formatMoney(error.remaining ?? 0),
+        attempted: formatMoney(error.attempted ?? 0),
+      });
+    case 'already-hired':
+      return t('staffErrorHired');
+    case 'no-opening':
+      return t('staffErrorNoOpening');
+    case 'unknown-applicant':
+      return t('staffErrorUnknownApplicant');
+    case 'unknown-position':
+      return t('staffErrorPosition');
+    case 'not-teacher':
+      return t('staffErrorNotTeacher');
+    case 'already-assigned':
+      return t('staffErrorAssigned');
+    case 'unknown-subject':
+      return t('staffErrorSubject');
+    default:
+      return error.message.length > 0 ? error.message : t('staffActionFailed');
+  }
+}
+
+export function parseOptionalInt(value: string): number | undefined {
+  if (value === '') {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
+  const parsed = Number(value);
+  return Number.isInteger(parsed) ? parsed : undefined;
+}

src/HSchool.Content/PeopleDefValidator.cs

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ internal static class PeopleDefValidator
 
         foreach (var names in catalog.NameSets.Values)
         {
-            ValidateNameSet(names);
+            ValidateNameSet(names, catalog);
         }
 
         foreach (var subject in catalog.Subjects.Values)
@@ -171,6 +171,11 @@ internal static class PeopleDefValidator
             throw new ContentLoadException($"SkillDef '{skill.DefName}' has a negative stdDev.");
         }
 
+        if (skill.AdultChance is < 0 or > 1)
+        {
+            throw new ContentLoadException($"SkillDef '{skill.DefName}' adultChance must be 0–1.");
+        }
+
         foreach (var limit in skill.BodyLimits)
         {
             if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(limit.Attribute))
@@ -500,13 +505,41 @@ internal static class PeopleDefValidator
         }
     }
 
-    private static void ValidateNameSet(NameSetDef names)
+    private static void ValidateNameSet(NameSetDef names, DefCatalog catalog)
     {
         if (!NameGrammar.IsKnownPatronymic(names.PatronymicRule))
         {
             throw new ContentLoadException($"NameSetDef '{names.DefName}' has unknown patronymicRule '{names.PatronymicRule}'.");
         }
 
+        foreach (var native in names.Spoken)
+        {
+            if (!catalog.Skills.TryGetValue(native, out var language) || language.Abstract)
+            {
+                throw new ContentLoadException($"NameSetDef '{names.DefName}' native language '{native}' is not a SkillDef.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (names.RelatedLanguageChance is < 0 or > 1)
+        {
+            throw new ContentLoadException($"NameSetDef '{names.DefName}' relatedLanguageChance must be 0–1.");
+        }
+
+        if (names.RelatedLanguageStdDev < 0)
+        {
+            throw new ContentLoadException($"NameSetDef '{names.DefName}' relatedLanguageStdDev must not be negative.");
+        }
+
+        if (names.RelatedLanguageMean < 0)
+        {
+            throw new ContentLoadException($"NameSetDef '{names.DefName}' relatedLanguageMean must not be negative.");
+        }
+
+        if (names.RelatedLanguageMax < 0)
+        {
+            throw new ContentLoadException($"NameSetDef '{names.DefName}' relatedLanguageMax must not be negative.");
+        }
+
         if (!NameGrammar.IsKnownGiven(names.DefaultGivenDeclension))
         {
             throw new ContentLoadException($"NameSetDef '{names.DefName}' has unknown defaultGivenDeclension.");

src/HSchool.Content/PeopleDefs.cs

@@ -120,6 +120,18 @@ public sealed class SkillDef : Def
     public IReadOnlyList<AgeMeanPoint> AgeMeans { get; init; } = [];
 
     public IReadOnlyList<BodySkillLimit> BodyLimits { get; init; } = [];
+
+    /// <summary>Everyone has this: body, speech, the floor under a profession.</summary>
+    public bool Always { get; init; }
+
+    /// <summary>Adult extras: cook, nurse, secretary. Not rolled for pupils.</summary>
+    public bool Work { get; init; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Probability that an adult also has this, on top of the native language. 0 means never
+    /// by chance — pupils still get it when a subject of their year points here.
+    /// </summary>
+    public float AdultChance { get; init; }
 }
 
 public sealed class SubjectSkillShare
@@ -338,6 +350,34 @@ public sealed class NameSetDef : Def
 
     public string DefaultSurnameDeclension { get; init; } = NameGrammar.Ov;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Languages this set can speak natively. Slavic names cover Russian, Belarusian and
+    /// Ukrainian; the school picks one at create. Singular <see cref="NativeLanguage"/> is still
+    /// accepted in JSONC for a one-language pack.
+    /// </summary>
+    public IReadOnlyList<string> NativeLanguages { get; init; } = [];
+
+    /// <summary>One-language form. Folded into <see cref="Spoken"/> when the list is empty.</summary>
+    public string? NativeLanguage { get; init; }
+
+    public IReadOnlyList<string> Spoken =>
+        NativeLanguages.Count > 0
+            ? NativeLanguages
+            : string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(NativeLanguage) ? [] : [NativeLanguage];
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Chance each other language in <see cref="Spoken"/> is present at a low level — a Russian
+    /// speaker who understands Belarusian. 0 leaves relatives off the card.
+    /// </summary>
+    public float RelatedLanguageChance { get; init; }
+
+    public float RelatedLanguageMean { get; init; } = 22f;
+
+    public float RelatedLanguageStdDev { get; init; } = 8f;
+
+    /// <summary>Cap so a related roll cannot look like a native speaker.</summary>
+    public int RelatedLanguageMax { get; init; } = 40;
+
     public IReadOnlyList<GivenNameEntry> MaleGiven { get; init; } = [];
 
     public IReadOnlyList<GivenNameEntry> FemaleGiven { get; init; } = [];

src/HSchool.People/ApplicantPool.cs

@@ -16,10 +16,11 @@ public sealed record ApplicantPool(int Week, int NextIndex, IReadOnlyList<Applic
         Roster roster,
         int schoolSeed,
         string nameSetId,
-        DateTime asOf)
+        DateTime asOf,
+        string? nativeLanguage = null)
     {
         var week = ApplicantWeeks.Id(asOf);
-        return Fill(catalog, roster, schoolSeed, nameSetId, asOf, new ApplicantPool(week, 0, []));
+        return Fill(catalog, roster, schoolSeed, nameSetId, asOf, new ApplicantPool(week, 0, []), nativeLanguage: nativeLanguage);
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -31,7 +32,8 @@ public sealed record ApplicantPool(int Week, int NextIndex, IReadOnlyList<Applic
         Roster roster,
         int schoolSeed,
         string nameSetId,
-        DateTime asOf)
+        DateTime asOf,
+        string? nativeLanguage = null)
     {
         var target = ApplicantWeeks.Id(asOf);
         if (target <= Week)
@@ -42,7 +44,7 @@ public sealed record ApplicantPool(int Week, int NextIndex, IReadOnlyList<Applic
         var pool = this;
         for (var week = Week + 1; week <= target; week++)
         {
-            pool = Step(pool, catalog, roster, schoolSeed, nameSetId, asOf, week);
+            pool = Step(pool, catalog, roster, schoolSeed, nameSetId, asOf, week, nativeLanguage);
         }
 
         return pool;
@@ -93,7 +95,8 @@ public sealed record ApplicantPool(int Week, int NextIndex, IReadOnlyList<Applic
         int schoolSeed,
         string nameSetId,
         DateTime asOf,
-        int week)
+        int week,
+        string? nativeLanguage)
     {
         var rules = RequireRules(catalog);
         var rng = new Random(Seed.Mix(schoolSeed, week, Seed.ApplicantSalt));
@@ -113,7 +116,8 @@ public sealed record ApplicantPool(int Week, int NextIndex, IReadOnlyList<Applic
             nameSetId,
             asOf,
             new ApplicantPool(week, current.NextIndex, staying),
-            rng);
+            rng,
+            nativeLanguage);
     }
 
     private static ApplicantPool Fill(
@@ -123,7 +127,8 @@ public sealed record ApplicantPool(int Week, int NextIndex, IReadOnlyList<Applic
         string nameSetId,
         DateTime asOf,
         ApplicantPool current,
-        Random? rng = null)
+        Random? rng = null,
+        string? nativeLanguage = null)
     {
         var rules = RequireRules(catalog);
         if (!catalog.NameSets.TryGetValue(nameSetId, out var names))
@@ -131,6 +136,8 @@ public sealed record ApplicantPool(int Week, int NextIndex, IReadOnlyList<Applic
             throw new ArgumentException($"Unknown name set '{nameSetId}'.", nameof(nameSetId));
         }
 
+        var native = NativeLanguages.Pick(names, schoolSeed, nativeLanguage, rollIfOmitted: false);
+
         rng ??= new Random(Seed.Mix(schoolSeed, current.Week, Seed.ApplicantSalt));
         var applicants = new List<Applicant>(rules.PoolSize);
         var taken = new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
@@ -163,7 +170,7 @@ public sealed record ApplicantPool(int Week, int NextIndex, IReadOnlyList<Applic
             }
             else
             {
-                var (_, person) = FamilyFactory.CreateStaffOnly(catalog, names, schoolSeed, nextIndex, asOf);
+                var (_, person) = FamilyFactory.CreateStaffOnly(catalog, names, schoolSeed, nextIndex, asOf, nativeLanguage: native);
                 nextIndex++;
                 taken.Add(person.Id);
                 next = new Applicant(person, HourlyAsk(catalog, person));

src/HSchool.People/FamilyFactory.cs

@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@ internal static class FamilyFactory
         int schoolSeed,
         FamilyPlan plan,
         DateTime yearStart,
-        DateTime asOf)
+        DateTime asOf,
+        string? nativeLanguage = null)
     {
         var rng = new Random(Seed.Mix(schoolSeed, plan.FamilyIndex, Seed.AppearanceSalt));
         var familyId = $"f{plan.FamilyIndex}";
@@ -89,7 +90,8 @@ internal static class FamilyFactory
                     surname,
                     fatherGiven,
                     NameGrammar.Patronymic(fatherPatronymicSource.Form, female: false, names.PatronymicRule),
-                    isParent: childDrafts.Length > 0));
+                    isParent: childDrafts.Length > 0,
+                    nativeLanguage));
         }
 
         if (hasMother)
@@ -108,7 +110,8 @@ internal static class FamilyFactory
                     surname,
                     motherGiven,
                     NameGrammar.Patronymic(motherPatronymicSource.Form, female: true, names.PatronymicRule),
-                    isParent: childDrafts.Length > 0));
+                    isParent: childDrafts.Length > 0,
+                    nativeLanguage));
         }
 
         var childIds = new List<string>(childDrafts.Length);
@@ -127,7 +130,8 @@ internal static class FamilyFactory
                     draft,
                     asOf,
                     surname,
-                    fatherGiven.Form));
+                    fatherGiven.Form,
+                    nativeLanguage));
         }
 
         var family = new Family(familyId, parentIds, childIds, childIds.Count, fatherGiven.Form, surname.Male);
@@ -146,7 +150,8 @@ internal static class FamilyFactory
         PupilSeat seat,
         DateTime yearStart,
         DateTime asOf,
-        int childIndex)
+        int childIndex,
+        string? nativeLanguage = null)
     {
         var fatherGiven = FatherGivenOf(family, members);
         if (fatherGiven is null)
@@ -169,7 +174,7 @@ internal static class FamilyFactory
         var (surnameNom, surnameCases) = SurnameFor(family, names, members, female);
         var (numbers, choices) = PersonSampler.Body(catalog, rng, female, age);
         var traits = PersonSampler.Traits(catalog, rng, [PersonRoles.Student], age);
-        var skills = PersonSampler.Skills(catalog, rng, age, choices, traits);
+        var skills = PersonSampler.Skills(catalog, names, rng, age, choices, traits, seat.Year, adult: false, nativeLanguage);
         var needs = PersonSampler.Needs(catalog);
         var name = new PersonName(
             given.Form,
@@ -209,7 +214,8 @@ internal static class FamilyFactory
         int schoolSeed,
         int familyIndex,
         DateTime asOf,
-        string idPrefix = "a")
+        string idPrefix = "a",
+        string? nativeLanguage = null)
     {
         var rng = new Random(Seed.Mix(schoolSeed, familyIndex, Seed.AppearanceSalt));
         var familyId = $"{idPrefix}{familyIndex}";
@@ -232,7 +238,8 @@ internal static class FamilyFactory
             surname,
             given,
             NameGrammar.Patronymic(patronymicSource.Form, female, names.PatronymicRule),
-            isParent: false);
+            isParent: false,
+            nativeLanguage);
 
         return (new Family(familyId, [id], [], NextChild: 0, FatherGiven: string.Empty, Surname: surname.Male), person);
     }
@@ -249,7 +256,8 @@ internal static class FamilyFactory
         SurnameEntry surname,
         GivenNameEntry given,
         string patronymic,
-        bool isParent)
+        bool isParent,
+        string? nativeLanguage)
     {
         var age = SchoolYears.AgeYears(birth, asOf);
         var roles = isParent ? new[] { PersonRoles.Parent } : new[] { PersonRoles.Staff };
@@ -269,7 +277,9 @@ internal static class FamilyFactory
             roles,
             isStudent: false,
             isParent,
-            classId: null);
+            classId: null,
+            pupilYear: null,
+            nativeLanguage);
     }
 
     private static Person RollChild(
@@ -281,7 +291,8 @@ internal static class FamilyFactory
         ChildDraft draft,
         DateTime asOf,
         SurnameEntry surname,
-        string fatherGiven)
+        string fatherGiven,
+        string? nativeLanguage)
     {
         var age = SchoolYears.AgeYears(draft.Birth, asOf);
         var patronymic = NameGrammar.Patronymic(fatherGiven, draft.Female, names.PatronymicRule);
@@ -301,7 +312,9 @@ internal static class FamilyFactory
             [PersonRoles.Student],
             isStudent: true,
             isParent: false,
-            draft.Seat.ClassId);
+            draft.Seat.ClassId,
+            draft.Seat.Year,
+            nativeLanguage);
     }
 
     private static Person FinishPerson(
@@ -320,11 +333,22 @@ internal static class FamilyFactory
         IReadOnlyList<string> roles,
         bool isStudent,
         bool isParent,
-        string? classId)
+        string? classId,
+        int? pupilYear,
+        string? nativeLanguage)
     {
         var (numbers, choices) = PersonSampler.Body(catalog, rng, female, age);
         var traits = PersonSampler.Traits(catalog, rng, roles, age);
-        var skills = PersonSampler.Skills(catalog, rng, age, choices, traits);
+        var skills = PersonSampler.Skills(
+            catalog,
+            names,
+            rng,
+            age,
+            choices,
+            traits,
+            isStudent ? pupilYear : null,
+            adult: !isStudent,
+            nativeLanguage);
         var needs = PersonSampler.Needs(catalog);
         var name = new PersonName(
             given.Form,

src/HSchool.People/NativeLanguages.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+namespace HSchool.People;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// A name set can speak several native languages; the school picks one. Empty request rolls from
+/// the school seed so the same create always lands on the same tongue.
+/// </summary>
+public static class NativeLanguages
+{
+    public static bool Allows(NameSetDef names, string skill) =>
+        names.Spoken.Contains(skill, StringComparer.Ordinal);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// <paramref name="requested"/> must already be in the set, or empty. Invalid ids return
+    /// null so the create path can 400. When omitted, a new school rolls; a reload without a
+    /// saved pick takes the first listed language so old saves do not reshuffle intake.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static string? Pick(NameSetDef names, int schoolSeed, string? requested, bool rollIfOmitted)
+    {
+        var spoken = names.Spoken;
+        if (spoken.Count == 0)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(requested))
+        {
+            return Allows(names, requested) ? requested : null;
+        }
+
+        if (!rollIfOmitted || spoken.Count == 1)
+        {
+            return spoken[0];
+        }
+
+        var rng = new Random(Seed.ForSchool(schoolSeed, Seed.NativeLanguageSalt));
+        return spoken[rng.Next(spoken.Count)];
+    }
+}

src/HSchool.People/PersonSampler.cs

@@ -35,28 +35,275 @@ internal static class PersonSampler
 
     public static Dictionary<string, int> Skills(
         DefCatalog catalog,
+        NameSetDef? names,
         Random rng,
         int age,
         IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string> choices,
-        IReadOnlyList<string> traits)
+        IReadOnlyList<string> traits,
+        int? pupilYear,
+        bool adult,
+        string? nativeLanguage = null)
     {
         var values = new Dictionary<string, int>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
         foreach (var skill in catalog.Skills.Values.OrderBy(candidate => candidate.DefName, StringComparer.Ordinal))
         {
-            if (skill.Abstract)
+            if (!skill.Abstract && skill.Always)
+            {
+                RollInto(values, rng, age, choices, skill);
+            }
+        }
+
+        GrantNative(values, catalog, NativeOf(names, nativeLanguage), rng, age, choices);
+        if (pupilYear is { } year)
+        {
+            GrantYearSubjects(values, catalog, rng, age, choices, year);
+        }
+
+        if (adult)
+        {
+            GrantAdultExtras(values, catalog, rng, age, choices);
+        }
+
+        ApplyTraitsAndBody(values, catalog, choices, traits, values.Keys.ToArray());
+        // After traits so Diligent cannot push a related tongue past the "knows a bit" cap.
+        GrantRelated(values, catalog, names, NativeOf(names, nativeLanguage), rng, choices);
+        return values;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Adds subject skills a pupil just became old enough for. Existing values stay put — yearly
+    /// intake must not re-roll mathematics every September.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static Dictionary<string, int> EnsurePupilYear(
+        DefCatalog catalog,
+        NameSetDef? names,
+        Random rng,
+        int age,
+        IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string> choices,
+        IReadOnlyList<string> traits,
+        IReadOnlyDictionary<string, int> existing,
+        int pupilYear,
+        string? nativeLanguage = null)
+    {
+        var values = new Dictionary<string, int>(existing, StringComparer.Ordinal);
+        foreach (var skill in catalog.Skills.Values.OrderBy(candidate => candidate.DefName, StringComparer.Ordinal))
+        {
+            if (skill.Abstract || !skill.Always || values.ContainsKey(skill.DefName))
             {
                 continue;
             }
 
+            RollInto(values, rng, age, choices, skill);
+        }
+
+        GrantNative(values, catalog, NativeOf(names, nativeLanguage), rng, age, choices);
+        GrantYearSubjects(values, catalog, rng, age, choices, pupilYear);
+
+        var added = values.Keys.Where(name => !existing.ContainsKey(name)).ToArray();
+        ApplyTraitsAndBody(values, catalog, choices, traits, added);
+        return values;
+    }
+
+    private static string? NativeOf(NameSetDef? names, string? nativeLanguage)
+    {
+        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(nativeLanguage))
+        {
+            return nativeLanguage;
+        }
+
+        var spoken = names?.Spoken;
+        return spoken is { Count: > 0 } ? spoken[0] : null;
+    }
+
+    private static void GrantNative(
+        Dictionary<string, int> values,
+        DefCatalog catalog,
+        string? native,
+        Random rng,
+        int age,
+        IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string> choices)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(native)
+            || !catalog.Skills.TryGetValue(native, out var skill)
+            || skill.Abstract)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        RollInto(values, rng, age, choices, skill);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Other tongues of the same name set, at a low level. Skips keys already granted as native
+    /// or by a subject — a Belarusian pupil who studies Russian keeps the school value.
+    /// </summary>
+    private static void GrantRelated(
+        Dictionary<string, int> values,
+        DefCatalog catalog,
+        NameSetDef? names,
+        string? native,
+        Random rng,
+        IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string> choices)
+    {
+        if (names is null || names.RelatedLanguageChance <= 0)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        foreach (var name in names.Spoken.OrderBy(candidate => candidate, StringComparer.Ordinal))
+        {
+            if (name.Equals(native, StringComparison.Ordinal)
+                || values.ContainsKey(name)
+                || !catalog.Skills.TryGetValue(name, out var skill)
+                || skill.Abstract)
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (rng.NextDouble() >= names.RelatedLanguageChance)
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            var rolled = (int)Math.Round(names.RelatedLanguageMean + (names.RelatedLanguageStdDev * NextGaussian(rng)));
+            rolled = Clamp(rolled, skill.Range);
+            rolled = Math.Min(rolled, names.RelatedLanguageMax);
+            rolled = ApplyBodyLimits(rolled, skill, choices);
+            values[skill.DefName] = Clamp(rolled, skill.Range);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void GrantYearSubjects(
+        Dictionary<string, int> values,
+        DefCatalog catalog,
+        Random rng,
+        int age,
+        IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string> choices,
+        int pupilYear)
+    {
+        foreach (var subject in catalog.Subjects.Values.OrderBy(def => def.DefName, StringComparer.Ordinal))
+        {
+            if (subject.Abstract || pupilYear < subject.Grades.Min || pupilYear > subject.Grades.Max)
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            foreach (var share in subject.Skills.OrderBy(row => row.Skill, StringComparer.Ordinal))
+            {
+                if (!catalog.Skills.TryGetValue(share.Skill, out var skill) || skill.Abstract)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                RollInto(values, rng, age, choices, skill);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void GrantAdultExtras(
+        Dictionary<string, int> values,
+        DefCatalog catalog,
+        Random rng,
+        int age,
+        IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string> choices)
+    {
+        var academic = catalog.Skills.Values
+            .Where(skill =>
+                !skill.Abstract
+                && !skill.Always
+                && !skill.Work
+                && skill.AdultChance <= 0
+                && SubjectUses(catalog, skill.DefName))
+            .OrderBy(skill => skill.DefName, StringComparer.Ordinal)
+            .ToList();
+        PickInto(values, rng, age, choices, academic, rng.Next(3));
+
+        var work = catalog.Skills.Values
+            .Where(skill => !skill.Abstract && skill.Work)
+            .OrderBy(skill => skill.DefName, StringComparer.Ordinal)
+            .ToList();
+        PickInto(values, rng, age, choices, work, rng.Next(3));
+
+        foreach (var skill in catalog.Skills.Values.OrderBy(candidate => candidate.DefName, StringComparer.Ordinal))
+        {
+            if (skill.Abstract || skill.AdultChance <= 0 || values.ContainsKey(skill.DefName))
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (rng.NextDouble() < skill.AdultChance)
+            {
+                RollInto(values, rng, age, choices, skill);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static bool SubjectUses(DefCatalog catalog, string skillName)
+    {
+        foreach (var subject in catalog.Subjects.Values)
+        {
+            if (subject.Abstract)
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            foreach (var share in subject.Skills)
+            {
+                if (share.Skill.Equals(skillName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
+                {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static void PickInto(
+        Dictionary<string, int> values,
+        Random rng,
+        int age,
+        IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string> choices,
+        List<SkillDef> pool,
+        int count)
+    {
+        var remaining = pool.Where(skill => !values.ContainsKey(skill.DefName)).ToList();
+        for (var n = 0; n < count && remaining.Count > 0; n++)
+        {
+            var index = rng.Next(remaining.Count);
+            RollInto(values, rng, age, choices, remaining[index]);
+            remaining.RemoveAt(index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void RollInto(
+        Dictionary<string, int> values,
+        Random rng,
+        int age,
+        IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string> choices,
+        SkillDef skill)
+    {
+        if (values.ContainsKey(skill.DefName))
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
         var mean = MeanForAge(skill, age);
         var stdDev = skill.Distribution?.StdDev ?? 10f;
         var rolled = (int)Math.Round(mean + (stdDev * NextGaussian(rng)));
         rolled = Clamp(rolled, skill.Range);
         rolled = ApplyBodyLimits(rolled, skill, choices);
-            rolled = Clamp(rolled, skill.Range);
-            values[skill.DefName] = rolled;
+        values[skill.DefName] = Clamp(rolled, skill.Range);
     }
 
+    private static void ApplyTraitsAndBody(
+        Dictionary<string, int> values,
+        DefCatalog catalog,
+        IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string> choices,
+        IReadOnlyList<string> traits,
+        IEnumerable<string> names)
+    {
+        var allowed = names as ISet<string> ?? new HashSet<string>(names, StringComparer.Ordinal);
         var touched = new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
         foreach (var traitName in traits)
         {
@@ -67,7 +314,8 @@ internal static class PersonSampler
 
             foreach (var modifier in trait.SkillModifiers)
             {
-                if (!values.TryGetValue(modifier.Skill, out var current)
+                if (!allowed.Contains(modifier.Skill)
+                    || !values.TryGetValue(modifier.Skill, out var current)
                     || !catalog.Skills.TryGetValue(modifier.Skill, out var skill))
                 {
                     continue;
@@ -86,8 +334,6 @@ internal static class PersonSampler
             var skill = catalog.Skills[skillName];
             values[skillName] = Clamp(ApplyBodyLimits(values[skillName], skill, choices), skill.Range);
         }
-
-        return values;
     }
 
     public static List<string> Traits(DefCatalog catalog, Random rng, IReadOnlyList<string> roles, int age)

src/HSchool.People/RosterGenerator.cs

@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ public static class RosterGenerator
         MapLayout map,
         int schoolSeed,
         string nameSetId,
-        DateTime? asOf = null)
+        DateTime? asOf = null,
+        string? nativeLanguage = null)
     {
         ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(catalog);
         ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(map);
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@ public static class RosterGenerator
             throw new ArgumentException($"Unknown name set '{nameSetId}'.", nameof(nameSetId));
         }
 
+        var native = NativeLanguages.Pick(names, schoolSeed, nativeLanguage, rollIfOmitted: true);
         var when = DateTime.SpecifyKind(asOf ?? DefaultAsOf, DateTimeKind.Utc);
         var yearStart = SchoolYears.StartOn(when);
         var demand = SchoolDemand.From(catalog, map);
@@ -36,7 +38,7 @@ public static class RosterGenerator
         var families = new List<Family>(plans.Count);
         foreach (var plan in plans)
         {
-            var (family, members) = FamilyFactory.Create(catalog, names, schoolSeed, plan, yearStart, when);
+            var (family, members) = FamilyFactory.Create(catalog, names, schoolSeed, plan, yearStart, when, native);
             families.Add(family);
             people.AddRange(members);
         }

src/HSchool.People/Seed.cs

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ public static class Seed
     public const int HouseholdSalt = 5;
     public const int ApplicantSalt = 6;
     public const int CommuteSalt = 7;
+    public const int SkillGrantSalt = 8;
+    public const int NativeLanguageSalt = 9;
 
     /// <summary>A stream that belongs to the school rather than to one family.</summary>
     public static int ForSchool(int schoolSeed, int salt) => Mix(schoolSeed, familyIndex: -1, salt);

src/HSchool.People/YearlyIntake.cs

@@ -39,7 +39,8 @@ public static class YearlyIntake
         Roster roster,
         int schoolSeed,
         string nameSetId,
-        DateTime asOf)
+        DateTime asOf,
+        string? nativeLanguage = null)
     {
         ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(catalog);
         ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(roster);
@@ -50,6 +51,8 @@ public static class YearlyIntake
             throw new ArgumentException($"Unknown name set '{nameSetId}'.", nameof(nameSetId));
         }
 
+        var native = NativeLanguages.Pick(names, schoolSeed, nativeLanguage, rollIfOmitted: false);
+
         if (roster.Classes.Count == 0)
         {
             return roster;
@@ -107,6 +110,10 @@ public static class YearlyIntake
 
         var classes = new SchoolClass[roster.Classes.Count];
         var newSeats = new List<PupilSeat>();
+        var incumbents = remainingPeople
+            .Where(pair => pair.Value.IsStudent)
+            .Select(pair => pair.Key)
+            .ToHashSet(StringComparer.Ordinal);
         for (var i = 0; i < roster.Classes.Count; i++)
         {
             var schoolClass = roster.Classes[i];
@@ -134,13 +141,56 @@ public static class YearlyIntake
             families,
             remainingPeople,
             newSeats,
-            nextFamilyIndex: roster.Families.Select(family => IndexOf(family.Id)).DefaultIfEmpty(-1).Max() + 1);
+            nextFamilyIndex: roster.Families.Select(family => IndexOf(family.Id)).DefaultIfEmpty(-1).Max() + 1,
+            native);
+
+        GrantPromotedSkills(catalog, names, schoolSeed, when, remainingPeople, classes, incumbents, native);
 
         var people = remainingPeople.Values.ToList();
         var filled = AttachPupils(classes, people);
         return new Roster(people, families, filled);
     }
 
+    private static void GrantPromotedSkills(
+        DefCatalog catalog,
+        NameSetDef names,
+        int schoolSeed,
+        DateTime when,
+        Dictionary<string, Person> people,
+        SchoolClass[] classes,
+        HashSet<string> incumbents,
+        string? nativeLanguage)
+    {
+        var yearByClass = classes.ToDictionary(
+            schoolClass => schoolClass.Id,
+            schoolClass => schoolClass.Year,
+            StringComparer.Ordinal);
+        foreach (var id in incumbents)
+        {
+            if (!people.TryGetValue(id, out var person)
+                || person.ClassId is not { } classId
+                || !yearByClass.TryGetValue(classId, out var year))
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            var rng = new Random(Seed.Mix(schoolSeed, person.Id, when.Year, Seed.SkillGrantSalt));
+            people[id] = person with
+            {
+                Skills = PersonSampler.EnsurePupilYear(
+                    catalog,
+                    names,
+                    rng,
+                    person.AgeOn(when),
+                    person.Choices,
+                    person.Traits,
+                    person.Skills,
+                    year,
+                    nativeLanguage),
+            };
+        }
+    }
+
     private static void FillFirstYear(
         DefCatalog catalog,
         NameSetDef names,
@@ -150,7 +200,8 @@ public static class YearlyIntake
         List<Family> families,
         Dictionary<string, Person> people,
         List<PupilSeat> seats,
-        int nextFamilyIndex)
+        int nextFamilyIndex,
+        string? nativeLanguage)
     {
         var cursor = 0;
         foreach (var family in families.ToArray())
@@ -185,7 +236,7 @@ public static class YearlyIntake
 
             var childIndex = family.NextChildIndex;
             var rng = new Random(Seed.Mix(schoolSeed, index, Seed.IntakeSalt + yearStart.Year * 10 + childIndex));
-            var child = FamilyFactory.AddChild(catalog, names, rng, family, members, seats[cursor], yearStart, asOf, childIndex);
+            var child = FamilyFactory.AddChild(catalog, names, rng, family, members, seats[cursor], yearStart, asOf, childIndex, nativeLanguage);
             people[child.Id] = child;
             var familyAt = families.FindIndex(candidate => candidate.Id.Equals(family.Id, StringComparison.Ordinal));
             families[familyAt] = family with
@@ -209,7 +260,7 @@ public static class YearlyIntake
         var leftover = seats.Skip(cursor).ToArray();
         foreach (var plan in FamilyPlanner.Singletons(leftover, Math.Max(nextFamilyIndex, 0)))
         {
-            var (created, members) = FamilyFactory.Create(catalog, names, schoolSeed, plan, yearStart, asOf);
+            var (created, members) = FamilyFactory.Create(catalog, names, schoolSeed, plan, yearStart, asOf, nativeLanguage);
             families.Add(created);
             foreach (var member in members)
             {

src/HSchool.Server/Api/ModEndpoints.cs

@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ internal sealed record CatalogResponse(
     IReadOnlyList<DefInfoResponse> Floors,
     IReadOnlyList<RoomInfoResponse> Rooms,
     IReadOnlyList<DefInfoResponse> Things,
-    IReadOnlyList<DefInfoResponse> NameSets,
+    IReadOnlyList<NameSetInfoResponse> NameSets,
     IReadOnlyList<SubjectInfoResponse> Subjects,
     DayFrameResponse? DayFrame,
     IReadOnlyList<HolidayInfoResponse> Holidays,
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ internal sealed record CatalogResponse(
             Placeable(catalog.Floors.Values, catalog, locale),
             PlaceableRooms(catalog, locale),
             PlaceableThings(catalog, locale),
-            Placeable(catalog.NameSets.Values, catalog, locale),
+            PlaceableNameSets(catalog, locale),
             PlaceableSubjects(catalog, locale),
             MapDayFrame(catalog, locale),
             PlaceableHolidays(catalog, locale),
@@ -113,6 +113,22 @@ internal sealed record CatalogResponse(
             .Select(def => new DefInfoResponse(def.DefName, catalog.Label(locale, def)))
             .ToArray();
 
+    private static IReadOnlyList<NameSetInfoResponse> PlaceableNameSets(DefCatalog catalog, string locale) =>
+        catalog.NameSets.Values
+            .Where(def => !def.Abstract)
+            .OrderBy(def => def.DefName, StringComparer.Ordinal)
+            .Select(def => new NameSetInfoResponse(
+                def.DefName,
+                catalog.Label(locale, def),
+                def.Spoken
+                    .Select(skill => new DefInfoResponse(
+                        skill,
+                        catalog.Skills.TryGetValue(skill, out var language)
+                            ? catalog.Label(locale, language)
+                            : skill))
+                    .ToArray()))
+            .ToArray();
+
     private static IReadOnlyList<DefInfoResponse> PlaceableThings(DefCatalog catalog, string locale) =>
         catalog.Things.Values
             .Where(def => !def.Abstract)
@@ -178,6 +194,11 @@ internal sealed record CatalogResponse(
 
 internal sealed record DefInfoResponse(string DefName, string Label, int PupilSlots = 0);
 
+internal sealed record NameSetInfoResponse(
+    string DefName,
+    string Label,
+    IReadOnlyList<DefInfoResponse> NativeLanguages);
+
 internal sealed record RoomInfoResponse(
     string DefName,
     string Label,

src/HSchool.Server/Api/PeopleModels.cs

@@ -206,7 +206,8 @@ internal sealed record ApplicantResponse(
     bool IsParent,
     float HourlyWageAsk,
     float MonthlyBase,
-    IReadOnlyList<LabeledStatResponse> Skills);
+    IReadOnlyList<LabeledStatResponse> Skills,
+    IReadOnlyList<DefLabelResponse> Traits);
 
 internal sealed record StaffMemberResponse(
     string Id,
@@ -257,7 +258,8 @@ internal static class StaffingMapper
                 applicant.Person.IsParent,
                 applicant.HourlyWageAsk,
                 rules is null ? 0f : Staffing.MonthlyBase(rules, applicant.HourlyWageAsk),
-                StrongSkills(applicant.Person, catalog, locale)))
+                SkillsOf(applicant.Person, catalog, locale),
+                TraitsOf(applicant.Person, catalog, locale)))
             .ToArray();
 
         var staff = roster.People
@@ -290,12 +292,11 @@ internal static class StaffingMapper
         return new StaffingResponse(allocated, payroll, remaining, uncovered, applicants, staff, positions, subjects);
     }
 
-    private static IReadOnlyList<LabeledStatResponse> StrongSkills(Person person, DefCatalog? catalog, string locale)
+    private static IReadOnlyList<LabeledStatResponse> SkillsOf(Person person, DefCatalog? catalog, string locale)
     {
         return person.Skills
             .OrderByDescending(pair => pair.Value)
             .ThenBy(pair => pair.Key, StringComparer.Ordinal)
-            .Take(3)
             .Select(pair => new LabeledStatResponse(
                 pair.Key,
                 catalog is not null && catalog.Skills.TryGetValue(pair.Key, out var def)
@@ -305,6 +306,17 @@ internal static class StaffingMapper
             .ToArray();
     }
 
+    private static IReadOnlyList<DefLabelResponse> TraitsOf(Person person, DefCatalog? catalog, string locale)
+    {
+        return person.Traits
+            .Select(name => new DefLabelResponse(
+                name,
+                catalog is not null && catalog.Traits.TryGetValue(name, out var def)
+                    ? catalog.Label(locale, def)
+                    : name))
+            .ToArray();
+    }
+
     private static StaffMemberResponse Member(
         Person person,
         Roster roster,

src/HSchool.Server/Api/SchoolEndpoints.cs

@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ internal static class SchoolEndpoints
                 request.ModIds,
                 request.Map,
                 request.NameSetId,
+                request.NativeLanguage,
                 NewCompletion<SchoolCreationOutcome>());
             commands.Enqueue(command);
 
@@ -77,6 +78,8 @@ internal static class SchoolEndpoints
                     Problem(StatusCodes.Status400BadRequest, "invalid-catalog", "The selected packs could not be loaded."),
                 SchoolCreationError.UnknownNameSet =>
                     Problem(StatusCodes.Status400BadRequest, "unknown-name-set", "The selected name set is not in the catalog."),
+                SchoolCreationError.UnknownNativeLanguage =>
+                    Problem(StatusCodes.Status400BadRequest, "unknown-native-language", "The selected native language is not in that name set."),
                 _ => Results.Problem("Unknown error."),
             };
         })
@@ -486,7 +489,8 @@ internal sealed record CreateSchoolRequest(
     DateTime StartDate,
     IReadOnlyList<string>? ModIds,
     MapLayout? Map,
-    string? NameSetId);
+    string? NameSetId,
+    string? NativeLanguage);
 
 internal sealed record SchoolResponse(int Id, string Name, DateTime GameTime, bool Running, byte SpeedIndex)
 {

src/HSchool.Server/Game/GameCommand.cs

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ internal abstract record GameCommand
         IReadOnlyList<string>? ExtraModIds,
         MapLayout? Map,
         string? NameSetId,
+        string? NativeLanguage,
         TaskCompletionSource<SchoolCreationOutcome> Result) : GameCommand;
 
     internal sealed record DeleteSchool(int SchoolId, TaskCompletionSource<bool> Result) : GameCommand;

src/HSchool.Server/Game/GameLoopService.cs

@@ -328,10 +328,23 @@ internal sealed class GameLoopService(
                 return;
             }
 
+            if (!catalog.NameSets.TryGetValue(nameSetId, out var names))
+            {
+                command.Result.TrySetResult(new SchoolCreationOutcome(null, SchoolCreationError.UnknownNameSet));
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(command.NativeLanguage) && !NativeLanguages.Allows(names, command.NativeLanguage))
+            {
+                command.Result.TrySetResult(new SchoolCreationOutcome(null, SchoolCreationError.UnknownNativeLanguage));
+                return;
+            }
+
             var id = _nextId++;
             store.WriteNextId(_nextId);
+            var nativeLanguage = NativeLanguages.Pick(names, id, command.NativeLanguage, rollIfOmitted: true);
 
-            var worker = SpawnWorker(id, normalized, command.StartDate, running: true, ClockSpeed.DefaultIndex, isNew: true, packIds, command.Map, nameSetId);
+            var worker = SpawnWorker(id, normalized, command.StartDate, running: true, ClockSpeed.DefaultIndex, isNew: true, packIds, command.Map, nameSetId, nativeLanguage);
             Track(worker);
             worker.Start();
 
@@ -499,6 +512,7 @@ internal sealed class GameLoopService(
                 save.ModIds,
                 save.Map,
                 save.NameSetId,
+                save.NativeLanguage,
                 save.Presence);
             worker.Start();
 
@@ -547,6 +561,7 @@ internal sealed class GameLoopService(
         IReadOnlyList<string>? modIds,
         MapLayout? map,
         string? nameSetId,
+        string? nativeLanguage,
         IReadOnlyList<PresenceSnapshot>? presence = null) =>
         new(
             id,
@@ -558,6 +573,7 @@ internal sealed class GameLoopService(
             modIds,
             map,
             nameSetId,
+            nativeLanguage,
             presence,
             _options,
             clients,

src/HSchool.Server/Game/SchoolStore.cs

@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ internal sealed class SchoolSave
 
     public string? NameSetId { get; init; }
 
+    public string? NativeLanguage { get; init; }
+
     public IReadOnlyList<PresenceSnapshot>? Presence { get; init; }
 }
 
@@ -162,6 +164,7 @@ internal sealed class SchoolStore
                     ModIds = save.ModIds,
                     Map = save.Map,
                     NameSetId = save.NameSetId,
+                    NativeLanguage = save.NativeLanguage,
                     Presence = save.Presence,
                 });
             }

src/HSchool.Server/Game/SchoolWorker.cs

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ internal sealed class SchoolWorker
     private readonly IReadOnlyList<string>? _modIds;
     private readonly MapLayout? _savedMap;
     private readonly string? _nameSetId;
+    private string? _nativeLanguage;
     private readonly IReadOnlyList<PresenceSnapshot>? _savedPresence;
     private readonly Action<int> _onFailed;
 
@@ -65,6 +66,7 @@ internal sealed class SchoolWorker
         IReadOnlyList<string>? modIds,
         MapLayout? savedMap,
         string? nameSetId,
+        string? nativeLanguage,
         IReadOnlyList<PresenceSnapshot>? savedPresence,
         SimulationOptions options,
         ClientRegistry clients,
@@ -83,6 +85,7 @@ internal sealed class SchoolWorker
         _modIds = modIds;
         _savedMap = savedMap;
         _nameSetId = nameSetId;
+        _nativeLanguage = nativeLanguage;
         _savedPresence = savedPresence;
         _options = options;
         _clients = clients;
@@ -849,12 +852,15 @@ internal sealed class SchoolWorker
         ApplicantPool applicants;
         int seed;
         var generated = false;
+        string? native;
 
         if (_isNew)
         {
             seed = school.Id;
-            roster = RosterGenerator.Generate(catalog, map, seed, nameSetId, school.Clock.Time);
-            applicants = ApplicantPool.Create(catalog, roster, seed, nameSetId, school.Clock.Time);
+            native = ResolveNative(catalog, nameSetId, seed, _nativeLanguage, generating: true);
+            _nativeLanguage = native;
+            roster = RosterGenerator.Generate(catalog, map, seed, nameSetId, school.Clock.Time, native);
+            applicants = ApplicantPool.Create(catalog, roster, seed, nameSetId, school.Clock.Time, native);
             generated = true;
         }
         else
@@ -863,13 +869,17 @@ internal sealed class SchoolWorker
             if (loaded is null)
             {
                 seed = school.Id;
-                roster = RosterGenerator.Generate(catalog, map, seed, nameSetId, school.Clock.Time);
-                applicants = ApplicantPool.Create(catalog, roster, seed, nameSetId, school.Clock.Time);
+                native = ResolveNative(catalog, nameSetId, seed, _nativeLanguage, generating: true);
+                _nativeLanguage = native;
+                roster = RosterGenerator.Generate(catalog, map, seed, nameSetId, school.Clock.Time, native);
+                applicants = ApplicantPool.Create(catalog, roster, seed, nameSetId, school.Clock.Time, native);
                 generated = true;
             }
             else
             {
                 seed = loaded.Seed;
+                native = ResolveNative(catalog, nameSetId, seed, _nativeLanguage, generating: false);
+                _nativeLanguage = native;
                 roster = loaded.ToRoster();
                 if (loaded.Applicants is { Applicants.Count: > 0 })
                 {
@@ -877,7 +887,7 @@ internal sealed class SchoolWorker
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    applicants = ApplicantPool.Create(catalog, roster, seed, nameSetId, school.Clock.Time);
+                    applicants = ApplicantPool.Create(catalog, roster, seed, nameSetId, school.Clock.Time, native);
                     generated = true;
                 }
             }
@@ -889,7 +899,7 @@ internal sealed class SchoolWorker
                 $"School {_id} roster does not match its map; the people file was left untouched.");
         }
 
-        school.InstallPeople(roster, seed, nameSetId, applicants);
+        school.InstallPeople(roster, seed, nameSetId, applicants, _nativeLanguage);
         InstallTimetable(school);
         school.ConfigurePresence(_options.SchoolWeekDays, _options.MaxDecisionsPerTick);
         school.RestorePresence(_savedPresence);
@@ -916,6 +926,21 @@ internal sealed class SchoolWorker
         return available.Contains(requested, StringComparer.Ordinal) ? requested : null;
     }
 
+    private static string? ResolveNative(
+        DefCatalog catalog,
+        string nameSetId,
+        int schoolSeed,
+        string? requested,
+        bool generating)
+    {
+        if (!catalog.NameSets.TryGetValue(nameSetId, out var names))
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return NativeLanguages.Pick(names, schoolSeed, requested, rollIfOmitted: generating && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(requested));
+    }
+
     private void Persist()
     {
         var school = _school;
@@ -938,6 +963,7 @@ internal sealed class SchoolWorker
                 ModIds = school.Catalog?.PackIds,
                 Map = school.Map,
                 NameSetId = _nameSetId,
+                NativeLanguage = _nativeLanguage,
                 Presence = school.CapturePresence(),
             });
         }

src/HSchool.Server/mods/core/defs/namesets/slavic.jsonc

@@ -3,6 +3,11 @@
   "patronymicRule": "slavic",
   "defaultGivenDeclension": "hard",
   "defaultSurnameDeclension": "ov",
+  "nativeLanguages": ["RussianLanguage", "BelarusianLanguage", "UkrainianLanguage"],
+  "relatedLanguageChance": 0.6,
+  "relatedLanguageMean": 22,
+  "relatedLanguageStdDev": 8,
+  "relatedLanguageMax": 40,
   "maleGiven": [
     { "form": "Александр" },
     { "form": "Алексей" },

src/HSchool.Server/mods/core/defs/skills/academic.jsonc

@@ -61,9 +61,4 @@
     "range": { "min": 0, "max": 100 },
     "distribution": { "mean": 48, "stdDev": 16 },
   },
-  {
-    "defName": "ForeignLanguage",
-    "range": { "min": 0, "max": 100 },
-    "distribution": { "mean": 50, "stdDev": 15 },
-  },
 ]

src/HSchool.Server/mods/core/defs/skills/languages.jsonc

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+[
+  {
+    "defName": "English",
+    "range": { "min": 0, "max": 100 },
+    "distribution": { "mean": 48, "stdDev": 15 },
+    "adultChance": 0.4,
+    "ageMeans": [
+      { "age": 11, "mean": 28 },
+      { "age": 17, "mean": 50 },
+    ],
+  },
+  {
+    "defName": "German",
+    "range": { "min": 0, "max": 100 },
+    "distribution": { "mean": 42, "stdDev": 14 },
+    "adultChance": 0.08,
+    "ageMeans": [
+      { "age": 14, "mean": 24 },
+      { "age": 17, "mean": 42 },
+    ],
+  },
+  {
+    "defName": "BelarusianLanguage",
+    "range": { "min": 0, "max": 100 },
+    "distribution": { "mean": 52, "stdDev": 13 },
+    "ageMeans": [
+      { "age": 7, "mean": 32 },
+      { "age": 17, "mean": 56 },
+    ],
+  },
+  {
+    "defName": "UkrainianLanguage",
+    "range": { "min": 0, "max": 100 },
+    "distribution": { "mean": 52, "stdDev": 13 },
+    "ageMeans": [
+      { "age": 7, "mean": 32 },
+      { "age": 17, "mean": 56 },
+    ],
+  },
+]

src/HSchool.Server/mods/core/defs/skills/physical.jsonc

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 [
   {
     "defName": "Agility",
+    "always": true,
     "range": { "min": 0, "max": 100 },
     "distribution": { "mean": 50, "stdDev": 14 },
     "bodyLimits": [
@@ -11,6 +12,7 @@
   },
   {
     "defName": "Strength",
+    "always": true,
     "range": { "min": 0, "max": 100 },
     "distribution": { "mean": 50, "stdDev": 14 },
     "bodyLimits": [
@@ -20,6 +22,7 @@
   },
   {
     "defName": "Endurance",
+    "always": true,
     "range": { "min": 0, "max": 100 },
     "distribution": { "mean": 50, "stdDev": 13 },
     "bodyLimits": [

src/HSchool.Server/mods/core/defs/skills/social.jsonc

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+[
+  {
+    "defName": "Communication",
+    "always": true,
+    "range": { "min": 0, "max": 100 },
+    "distribution": { "mean": 52, "stdDev": 12 },
+    "ageMeans": [
+      { "age": 7, "mean": 32 },
+      { "age": 17, "mean": 52 },
+      { "age": 40, "mean": 58 },
+    ],
+  },
+]

src/HSchool.Server/mods/core/defs/skills/work.jsonc

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+[
+  {
+    "defName": "Pedagogy",
+    "work": true,
+    "range": { "min": 0, "max": 100 },
+    "distribution": { "mean": 48, "stdDev": 14 },
+    "ageMeans": [
+      { "age": 22, "mean": 40 },
+      { "age": 45, "mean": 58 },
+    ],
+  },
+  {
+    "defName": "Medicine",
+    "work": true,
+    "range": { "min": 0, "max": 100 },
+    "distribution": { "mean": 46, "stdDev": 15 },
+    "ageMeans": [
+      { "age": 22, "mean": 38 },
+      { "age": 45, "mean": 56 },
+    ],
+  },
+  {
+    "defName": "Cooking",
+    "work": true,
+    "range": { "min": 0, "max": 100 },
+    "distribution": { "mean": 50, "stdDev": 14 },
+    "ageMeans": [
+      { "age": 20, "mean": 42 },
+      { "age": 45, "mean": 58 },
+    ],
+  },
+  {
+    "defName": "Administration",
+    "work": true,
+    "range": { "min": 0, "max": 100 },
+    "distribution": { "mean": 48, "stdDev": 13 },
+    "ageMeans": [
+      { "age": 22, "mean": 40 },
+      { "age": 45, "mean": 57 },
+    ],
+  },
+  {
+    "defName": "Librarianship",
+    "work": true,
+    "range": { "min": 0, "max": 100 },
+    "distribution": { "mean": 46, "stdDev": 13 },
+    "ageMeans": [
+      { "age": 22, "mean": 38 },
+      { "age": 45, "mean": 55 },
+    ],
+  },
+]

src/HSchool.Server/mods/core/defs/staffing/rules.jsonc

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "defName": "Staffing",
-  "poolSize": 12,
+  "poolSize": 32,
   "stayChance": 0.65,
   "parentChance": 0.35,
   "hourlyWageBase": 30,

src/HSchool.Server/mods/core/defs/subjects/academic.jsonc

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
     "defName": "ForeignLanguage",
     "grades": { "min": 5, "max": 11 },
     "hoursPerWeek": 3,
-    "skills": [{ "skill": "ForeignLanguage", "share": 1 }],
+    "skills": [{ "skill": "English", "share": 1 }],
   },
   {
     "defName": "History",

src/HSchool.Server/mods/core/localizations/en.jsonc

@@ -62,6 +62,16 @@
   "Geography": "Geography",
   "Informatics": "Informatics",
   "ForeignLanguage": "Foreign language",
+  "English": "English",
+  "German": "German",
+  "BelarusianLanguage": "Belarusian",
+  "UkrainianLanguage": "Ukrainian",
+  "Communication": "Communication",
+  "Pedagogy": "Pedagogy",
+  "Medicine": "Medicine",
+  "Cooking": "Cooking",
+  "Administration": "Administration",
+  "Librarianship": "Librarianship",
   "Agility": "Agility",
   "Strength": "Strength",
   "Endurance": "Endurance",

src/HSchool.Server/mods/core/localizations/ru.jsonc

@@ -62,6 +62,16 @@
   "Geography": "География",
   "Informatics": "Информатика",
   "ForeignLanguage": "Иностранный язык",
+  "English": "Английский",
+  "German": "Немецкий",
+  "BelarusianLanguage": "Белорусский",
+  "UkrainianLanguage": "Украинский",
+  "Communication": "Общение",
+  "Pedagogy": "Педагогика",
+  "Medicine": "Медицина",
+  "Cooking": "Готовка",
+  "Administration": "Делопроизводство",
+  "Librarianship": "Библиотечное дело",
   "Agility": "Ловкость",
   "Strength": "Сила",
   "Endurance": "Выносливость",

src/HSchool.Simulation/LessonLearningSystem.cs

@@ -65,13 +65,16 @@ internal static class LessonLearningSystem
                 var hunger = needs.Values.GetValueOrDefault("Hunger", 1f);
                 foreach (var share in subject.Skills)
                 {
-                    if (!catalog.Skills.TryGetValue(share.Skill, out var skill)
-                        || skill.Abstract
-                        || !skills.Values.TryGetValue(share.Skill, out var current))
+                    if (!catalog.Skills.TryGetValue(share.Skill, out var skill) || skill.Abstract)
                     {
                         continue;
                     }
 
+                    if (!skills.Values.TryGetValue(share.Skill, out var current))
+                    {
+                        current = skill.Range.Min;
+                    }
+
                     skills.Values[share.Skill] = LessonLearning.Gain(
                         current,
                         skill,

src/HSchool.Simulation/School.cs

@@ -78,6 +78,9 @@ public sealed class School : IDisposable
     /// <summary>Name pack used to generate this school's people. Needed again on 1 September.</summary>
     public string? NameSetId { get; private set; }
 
+    /// <summary>Skill everyone generated for this school speaks natively.</summary>
+    public string? NativeLanguage { get; private set; }
+
     /// <summary>Last built table. Null until the worker installs people.</summary>
     public Timetable? Timetable { get; private set; }
 
@@ -115,7 +118,7 @@ public sealed class School : IDisposable
     /// <summary>
     /// Installs a roster that already matches the map. Spawns entities; does not write to disk.
     /// </summary>
-    public void InstallPeople(Roster roster, int seed, string? nameSetId = null, ApplicantPool? applicants = null)
+    public void InstallPeople(Roster roster, int seed, string? nameSetId = null, ApplicantPool? applicants = null, string? nativeLanguage = null)
     {
         ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);
         ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(roster);
@@ -123,6 +126,7 @@ public sealed class School : IDisposable
         Roster = roster;
         PeopleSeed = seed;
         NameSetId = nameSetId;
+        NativeLanguage = nativeLanguage;
         Applicants = applicants;
         RosterSpawner.Spawn(World, roster);
         PlanDay = null;
@@ -282,7 +286,7 @@ public sealed class School : IDisposable
         var changed = false;
         foreach (var date in YearlyIntake.DatesBetween(before, after))
         {
-            Roster = YearlyIntake.Apply(Catalog, Roster, PeopleSeed, NameSetId, date);
+            Roster = YearlyIntake.Apply(Catalog, Roster, PeopleSeed, NameSetId, date, NativeLanguage);
             changed = true;
         }
 
@@ -304,7 +308,7 @@ public sealed class School : IDisposable
             return false;
         }
 
-        var next = Applicants.Advance(Catalog, Roster, PeopleSeed, NameSetId, Clock.Time);
+        var next = Applicants.Advance(Catalog, Roster, PeopleSeed, NameSetId, Clock.Time, NativeLanguage);
         if (next.Week == Applicants.Week)
         {
             return false;

src/HSchool.Simulation/SchoolRegistry.cs

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ public enum SchoolCreationError
     UnknownMod,
     InvalidCatalog,
     UnknownNameSet,
+    UnknownNativeLanguage,
 }
 
 /// <summary>Outcome of <see cref="SchoolRegistry.Create"/>: either the school or the reason there is none.</summary>

tests/HSchool.AppHost.Tests/SchoolApiTests.cs

@@ -160,6 +160,11 @@ public class SchoolApiTests(AppHostFixture fixture)
         Assert.Equal("yard", ru.DefaultMap.Territory?.Id);
         Assert.Equal("Славянский", Assert.Single(ru.NameSets, set => set.DefName == "Slavic").Label);
         Assert.Equal("Slavic", Assert.Single(en.NameSets, set => set.DefName == "Slavic").Label);
+        var slavic = Assert.Single(ru.NameSets, set => set.DefName == "Slavic");
+        Assert.Equal(
+            ["RussianLanguage", "BelarusianLanguage", "UkrainianLanguage"],
+            slavic.NativeLanguages.Select(language => language.DefName).ToArray());
+        Assert.Equal("Белорусский", Assert.Single(slavic.NativeLanguages, language => language.DefName == "BelarusianLanguage").Label);
         Assert.Equal("Начальные классы", Assert.Single(ru.Subjects, subject => subject.DefName == "PrimarySchool").Label);
         Assert.Equal("Primary", Assert.Single(en.Subjects, subject => subject.DefName == "PrimarySchool").Label);
         var classroom = Assert.Single(ru.Rooms, room => room.DefName == "Classroom");
@@ -287,6 +292,27 @@ public class SchoolApiTests(AppHostFixture fixture)
         Assert.Equal("unknown-name-set", await ProblemCodeAsync(response));
     }
 
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task CreateSchool_WithAnUnknownNativeLanguage_IsRejected()
+    {
+        using var client = fixture.App.CreateHttpClient("server");
+        await ResetAsync(client);
+
+        using var response = await client.PostAsJsonAsync(
+            "/api/schools",
+            new
+            {
+                name = "Чужой язык",
+                startDate = ExpectedDefaultStart,
+                nameSetId = "Slavic",
+                nativeLanguage = "Klingon",
+            },
+            TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+        Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.BadRequest, response.StatusCode);
+        Assert.Equal("unknown-native-language", await ProblemCodeAsync(response));
+    }
+
     [Fact]
     public async Task CreateSchool_WithACustomConnectedMap_Succeeds()
     {
@@ -417,7 +443,7 @@ public class SchoolApiTests(AppHostFixture fixture)
         IReadOnlyList<DefInfoResponse> Floors,
         IReadOnlyList<RoomInfoResponse> Rooms,
         IReadOnlyList<DefInfoResponse> Things,
-        IReadOnlyList<DefInfoResponse> NameSets,
+        IReadOnlyList<NameSetInfoResponse> NameSets,
         IReadOnlyList<SubjectInfoResponse> Subjects,
         DayFrameResponse? DayFrame,
         IReadOnlyList<HolidayInfoResponse> Holidays,
@@ -425,6 +451,11 @@ public class SchoolApiTests(AppHostFixture fixture)
 
     private sealed record DefInfoResponse(string DefName, string Label);
 
+    private sealed record NameSetInfoResponse(
+        string DefName,
+        string Label,
+        IReadOnlyList<DefInfoResponse> NativeLanguages);
+
     private sealed record RoomInfoResponse(
         string DefName,
         string Label,

tests/HSchool.AppHost.Tests/StaffingApiTests.cs

@@ -29,14 +29,23 @@ public class StaffingApiTests(AppHostFixture fixture)
         Assert.Equal(100_000f, staffing.Allocated);
         Assert.Equal(0f, staffing.Payroll);
         Assert.Equal(100_000f, staffing.Remaining);
-        Assert.Equal(12, staffing.Applicants.Count);
+        Assert.Equal(32, staffing.Applicants.Count);
         Assert.Empty(staffing.Staff);
         Assert.Contains(staffing.Uncovered, subject => subject.DefName == "Mathematics");
         Assert.Contains(staffing.Uncovered, subject => subject.DefName == "PrimarySchool");
         Assert.NotEmpty(staffing.Positions);
         Assert.Contains(staffing.Positions, position => position.DefName == "Teacher");
         Assert.Contains(staffing.Subjects, subject => subject.DefName == "Mathematics");
-        Assert.All(staffing.Applicants, applicant => Assert.NotEmpty(applicant.Skills));
+        Assert.All(
+            staffing.Applicants,
+            applicant =>
+            {
+                Assert.Contains(applicant.Skills, skill => skill.Id == "Communication");
+                Assert.Contains(
+                    applicant.Skills,
+                    skill => skill.Id is "RussianLanguage" or "BelarusianLanguage" or "UkrainianLanguage");
+                Assert.All(applicant.Skills, skill => Assert.False(string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(skill.Value)));
+            });
     }
 
     [Fact]
@@ -135,6 +144,12 @@ public class StaffingApiTests(AppHostFixture fixture)
                 $"/api/schools/{school.Id}/staff/hire",
                 new { personId = applicant.Id, position = "Teacher" },
                 TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+            if (response.StatusCode == HttpStatusCode.Conflict)
+            {
+                Assert.Equal("payroll-exceeded", await ProblemCodeAsync(response));
+                break;
+            }
+
             response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();
             staffing = await response.Content.ReadFromJsonAsync<StaffingResponse>(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
             Assert.NotNull(staffing);
@@ -143,7 +158,7 @@ public class StaffingApiTests(AppHostFixture fixture)
         Assert.Equal(100_000f, staffing.Allocated);
         Assert.True(staffing.Payroll > 0f);
         Assert.True(staffing.Payroll <= staffing.Allocated);
-        Assert.Equal(12, staffing.Staff.Count);
+        Assert.NotEmpty(staffing.Staff);
     }
 
     [Fact]
@@ -224,9 +239,23 @@ public class StaffingApiTests(AppHostFixture fixture)
         var staffing = await GetStaffingAsync(client, school.Id);
         while (staffing.Applicants.Count > 0)
         {
-            staffing = await HireAsync(client, school.Id, staffing.Applicants[0].Id, "Teacher");
+            var applicant = staffing.Applicants[0];
+            using var response = await client.PostAsJsonAsync(
+                $"/api/schools/{school.Id}/staff/hire",
+                new { personId = applicant.Id, position = "Teacher" },
+                TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+            if (response.StatusCode == HttpStatusCode.Conflict)
+            {
+                break;
             }
 
+            response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();
+            staffing = await response.Content.ReadFromJsonAsync<StaffingResponse>(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+            Assert.NotNull(staffing);
+        }
+
+        Assert.NotEmpty(staffing.Staff);
+
         var subjects = staffing.Subjects.Select(subject => subject.DefName).ToArray();
         Assert.NotEmpty(subjects);
 
@@ -327,7 +356,8 @@ public class StaffingApiTests(AppHostFixture fixture)
         bool IsParent,
         float HourlyWageAsk,
         float MonthlyBase,
-        IReadOnlyList<LabeledStatResponse> Skills);
+        IReadOnlyList<LabeledStatResponse> Skills,
+        IReadOnlyList<DefLabelResponse> Traits);
 
     private sealed record LabeledStatResponse(string Id, string Label, string Value);
 

tests/HSchool.AppHost.Tests/TimetableApiTests.cs

@@ -118,6 +118,73 @@ public class TimetableApiTests(AppHostFixture fixture)
                 && lesson.Locked);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The refusal codes the client switches on. `pin-rejected` is covered above; these five are
+    /// the rest of the documented contract, and none of them was exercised.
+    /// </summary>
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task PinAndUnpinRefusals_CarryTheDocumentedCodes()
+    {
+        using var client = fixture.App.CreateHttpClient("server");
+        await SchoolApiTests.ResetAsync(client);
+        var school = await SchoolApiTests.CreateAsync(client, "Расписание отказы", TuesdayMorning);
+
+        var empty = await GetTimetableAsync(client, school.Id);
+        var klass = empty.Classes[0];
+        var room = empty.Rooms.First(candidate => candidate.Id.StartsWith("classroom-", StringComparison.Ordinal));
+
+        // Nobody teaches anything yet, so a well-formed pin still has no teacher to place.
+        Assert.Equal("no-teacher", await PinCodeAsync(client, school.Id, klass.Id, "Mathematics", room.Id));
+        Assert.Equal("unknown-class", await PinCodeAsync(client, school.Id, "cZZ", "Mathematics", room.Id));
+        Assert.Equal("unknown-subject", await PinCodeAsync(client, school.Id, klass.Id, "Astrology", room.Id));
+        Assert.Equal("unknown-room", await PinCodeAsync(client, school.Id, klass.Id, "Mathematics", "no-such-room"));
+
+        await HireMathAsync(client, school.Id);
+        var table = await GetTimetableAsync(client, school.Id);
+        var lesson = table.Lessons.First(row => row.Subject == "Mathematics");
+
+        using var pin = await client.PostAsJsonAsync(
+            $"/api/schools/{school.Id}/timetable/pin",
+            new { lesson.ClassId, lesson.Subject, lesson.RoomId, lesson.Day, lesson.Period },
+            TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        pin.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();
+
+        var unpinQuery = $"classId={Uri.EscapeDataString(lesson.ClassId)}&subject={lesson.Subject}"
+            + $"&day={lesson.Day}&period={lesson.Period}";
+        using var unpin = await client.DeleteAsync(
+            $"/api/schools/{school.Id}/timetable/pin?{unpinQuery}",
+            TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        unpin.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();
+
+        // The lock is gone; asking again is a 404, not a silent success.
+        using var again = await client.DeleteAsync(
+            $"/api/schools/{school.Id}/timetable/pin?{unpinQuery}",
+            TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.NotFound, again.StatusCode);
+        Assert.Equal("unknown-lesson", await ProblemCodeAsync(again));
+
+        using var incomplete = await client.DeleteAsync(
+            $"/api/schools/{school.Id}/timetable/pin?classId={Uri.EscapeDataString(lesson.ClassId)}",
+            TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.BadRequest, incomplete.StatusCode);
+        Assert.Equal("invalid-query", await ProblemCodeAsync(incomplete));
+    }
+
+    private static async Task<string?> PinCodeAsync(
+        HttpClient client,
+        int schoolId,
+        string classId,
+        string subject,
+        string roomId)
+    {
+        using var response = await client.PostAsJsonAsync(
+            $"/api/schools/{schoolId}/timetable/pin",
+            new { classId, subject, roomId, day = 0, period = 1 },
+            TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        Assert.False(response.IsSuccessStatusCode, $"pinning {subject} into {roomId} was expected to fail.");
+        return await ProblemCodeAsync(response);
+    }
+
     [Fact]
     public async Task Saturday_HasNoOccupancyOnTheMap()
     {

tests/HSchool.Content.Tests/PeopleDefTests.cs

@@ -19,7 +19,17 @@ public class PeopleDefTests
         Assert.All(catalog.Needs.Values, need => Assert.True(need.DecayPerHour > 0));
         Assert.True(catalog.Needs["Sleep"].RestoredOffCampus);
         Assert.Equal(0.1f, catalog.Needs["Hunger"].DecayPerHour);
-        Assert.Contains(catalog.Skills["Agility"].BodyLimits, limit => limit.Attribute == "Build" && limit.Value == "Obese");
+        Assert.True(catalog.Skills["Communication"].Always);
+        Assert.True(catalog.Skills["Agility"].Always);
+        Assert.True(catalog.Skills["Pedagogy"].Work);
+        Assert.Equal(0.4f, catalog.Skills["English"].AdultChance);
+        Assert.Equal(
+            ["RussianLanguage", "BelarusianLanguage", "UkrainianLanguage"],
+            catalog.NameSets["Slavic"].Spoken);
+        Assert.Equal(0.6f, catalog.NameSets["Slavic"].RelatedLanguageChance);
+        Assert.Equal(40, catalog.NameSets["Slavic"].RelatedLanguageMax);
+        Assert.Contains(catalog.Subjects["ForeignLanguage"].Skills, share => share.Skill == "English");
+        Assert.False(catalog.Skills.ContainsKey("ForeignLanguage"));
         Assert.True(catalog.NameSets.ContainsKey("Slavic"));
         Assert.True(catalog.NameSets["Slavic"].MaleGiven.Count >= 20);
         Assert.Equal("Славянский", catalog.Label("ru", catalog.NameSets["Slavic"]));
@@ -27,7 +37,7 @@ public class PeopleDefTests
         Assert.Equal("Усидчивый", catalog.Label("ru", catalog.Traits["Diligent"]));
         Assert.True(catalog.Subjects.ContainsKey("PrimarySchool"));
         Assert.NotNull(catalog.StaffingRules);
-        Assert.Equal(12, catalog.StaffingRules.PoolSize);
+        Assert.Equal(32, catalog.StaffingRules.PoolSize);
         Assert.Equal(20, catalog.StaffingRules.BaseWeeklyHours);
         Assert.Equal(4, catalog.StaffingRules.WeeksPerMonth);
         Assert.Equal(36, catalog.StaffingRules.MaxWeeklyHours);

tests/HSchool.Content.Tests/VanillaCoreTests.cs

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ public class VanillaCoreTests
         Assert.Equal(4, catalog.Subjects["PrimarySchool"].Grades.Max);
         Assert.True(catalog.Subjects.ContainsKey("PhysicalEducation"));
         Assert.NotNull(catalog.StaffingRules);
-        Assert.Equal(12, catalog.StaffingRules.PoolSize);
+        Assert.Equal(32, catalog.StaffingRules.PoolSize);
         Assert.Equal(20, catalog.StaffingRules.BaseWeeklyHours);
         Assert.Equal(36, catalog.StaffingRules.MaxWeeklyHours);
         Assert.NotNull(catalog.DayFrame);

tests/HSchool.People.Tests/Fixtures.cs

@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ internal static class Fixtures
     }
 
     public static Roster Generate(MapLayout map, int seed = SchoolSeed) =>
-        RosterGenerator.Generate(Catalog(), map, seed, "Slavic", AsOf);
+        RosterGenerator.Generate(Catalog(), map, seed, "Slavic", AsOf, "RussianLanguage");
 
     public static string RepoRoot()
     {

tests/HSchool.People.Tests/SkillGrantTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+namespace HSchool.People.Tests;
+
+public class SkillGrantTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void FirstYear_HasCoreAndPrimary_ButNotChemistryOrEnglish()
+    {
+        var roster = Fixtures.Generate(Fixtures.Classrooms(11));
+        var pupils = PupilsIn(roster, 1).ToArray();
+        Assert.NotEmpty(pupils);
+        Assert.All(
+            pupils,
+            person =>
+            {
+                Assert.True(person.Skills.ContainsKey("Communication"));
+                Assert.True(person.Skills.ContainsKey("RussianLanguage"));
+                Assert.True(person.Skills.ContainsKey("Agility"));
+                Assert.True(person.Skills.ContainsKey("Mathematics"));
+                Assert.False(person.Skills.ContainsKey("Chemistry"));
+                Assert.False(person.Skills.ContainsKey("Physics"));
+                Assert.False(person.Skills.ContainsKey("English"));
+                Assert.False(person.Skills.ContainsKey("German"));
+                Assert.False(person.Skills.ContainsKey("Pedagogy"));
+            });
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void YearFive_HasEnglish_YearEight_HasChemistry()
+    {
+        var roster = Fixtures.Generate(Fixtures.Classrooms(11));
+        Assert.All(
+            PupilsIn(roster, 5),
+            person =>
+            {
+                Assert.True(person.Skills.ContainsKey("English"));
+                Assert.False(person.Skills.ContainsKey("Chemistry"));
+                Assert.False(person.Skills.ContainsKey("German"));
+            });
+        Assert.All(PupilsIn(roster, 8), person => Assert.True(person.Skills.ContainsKey("Chemistry")));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Adults_HaveNativeAndCommunication_ButNotEverySkill()
+    {
+        var catalog = Fixtures.Catalog();
+        var roster = Fixtures.Generate(Fixtures.Classrooms(11));
+        var adults = roster.People.Where(person => !person.IsStudent).ToArray();
+        Assert.NotEmpty(adults);
+
+        var concrete = catalog.Skills.Values.Count(skill => !skill.Abstract);
+        Assert.All(
+            adults,
+            person =>
+            {
+                Assert.True(person.Skills.ContainsKey("Communication"));
+                Assert.True(person.Skills.ContainsKey("RussianLanguage"));
+                Assert.True(person.Skills.Count < concrete);
+                Assert.InRange(person.Skills.Keys.Count(name => catalog.Skills[name].Work), 0, 2);
+            });
+        Assert.Contains(
+            adults,
+            person => person.Skills.Keys.Any(name => catalog.Skills[name].Work));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void BelarusianNative_IsGrantedToEveryone_PupilsStillStudyRussian()
+    {
+        var catalog = Fixtures.Catalog();
+        var roster = RosterGenerator.Generate(
+            catalog,
+            Fixtures.Classrooms(11),
+            Fixtures.SchoolSeed,
+            "Slavic",
+            Fixtures.AsOf,
+            "BelarusianLanguage");
+
+        var max = catalog.NameSets["Slavic"].RelatedLanguageMax;
+        Assert.All(
+            roster.People,
+            person =>
+            {
+                Assert.True(person.Skills.ContainsKey("BelarusianLanguage"));
+                if (person.Skills.TryGetValue("UkrainianLanguage", out var ukrainian))
+                {
+                    Assert.InRange(ukrainian, 0, max);
+                }
+            });
+        Assert.All(
+            roster.People.Where(person => person.IsStudent),
+            person => Assert.True(person.Skills.ContainsKey("RussianLanguage")));
+        Assert.Contains(
+            roster.People.Where(person => person.IsStudent),
+            person => person.Skills["RussianLanguage"] > max);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void RelatedLanguages_AreCommonAndStayLow()
+    {
+        var catalog = Fixtures.Catalog();
+        var max = catalog.NameSets["Slavic"].RelatedLanguageMax;
+        var roster = Fixtures.Generate(Fixtures.Classrooms(11));
+        Assert.Contains(
+            roster.People,
+            person =>
+                person.Skills.ContainsKey("BelarusianLanguage")
+                || person.Skills.ContainsKey("UkrainianLanguage"));
+        Assert.Contains(roster.People, person => !person.Skills.ContainsKey("BelarusianLanguage"));
+        Assert.Contains(roster.People, person => !person.Skills.ContainsKey("UkrainianLanguage"));
+        Assert.True(
+            roster.People.Count(person =>
+                person.Skills.ContainsKey("BelarusianLanguage")
+                || person.Skills.ContainsKey("UkrainianLanguage"))
+            > roster.People.Count / 2);
+
+        Assert.All(
+            roster.People,
+            person =>
+            {
+                Assert.True(person.Skills.ContainsKey("RussianLanguage"));
+                if (person.Skills.TryGetValue("BelarusianLanguage", out var belarusian))
+                {
+                    Assert.InRange(belarusian, 0, max);
+                }
+
+                if (person.Skills.TryGetValue("UkrainianLanguage", out var ukrainian))
+                {
+                    Assert.InRange(ukrainian, 0, max);
+                }
+            });
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void OmittedNativeLanguage_IsStableForTheSameSeed()
+    {
+        var map = Fixtures.Classrooms(2);
+        var a = RosterGenerator.Generate(Fixtures.Catalog(), map, 7, "Slavic", Fixtures.AsOf);
+        var b = RosterGenerator.Generate(Fixtures.Catalog(), map, 7, "Slavic", Fixtures.AsOf);
+        Assert.Equal(
+            a.People.Select(person => string.Join(',', person.Skills.Keys.Order(StringComparer.Ordinal))),
+            b.People.Select(person => string.Join(',', person.Skills.Keys.Order(StringComparer.Ordinal))));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Pupils_DoNotRollWorkSkills()
+    {
+        var catalog = Fixtures.Catalog();
+        var roster = Fixtures.Generate(Fixtures.Classrooms(11));
+        Assert.All(
+            roster.People.Where(person => person.IsStudent),
+            person => Assert.DoesNotContain(person.Skills.Keys, name => catalog.Skills[name].Work));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Intake_YearFourGainsEnglishWithoutRerollingMath()
+    {
+        var catalog = Fixtures.Catalog();
+        var before = Fixtures.Generate(Fixtures.Classrooms(5));
+        var year4 = before.Classes.Single(schoolClass => schoolClass.Year == 4);
+        var pupil = before.People.First(person => person.Id == year4.PupilIds[0]);
+        Assert.False(pupil.Skills.ContainsKey("English"));
+        var math = pupil.Skills["Mathematics"];
+
+        var after = YearlyIntake.Apply(
+            catalog,
+            before,
+            Fixtures.SchoolSeed,
+            "Slavic",
+            new DateTime(2012, 9, 1, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc));
+        var grown = after.People.First(person => person.Id == pupil.Id);
+        Assert.True(grown.ClassId is { } classId && after.Classes.Any(schoolClass =>
+            schoolClass.Id.Equals(classId, StringComparison.Ordinal) && schoolClass.Year == 5));
+        Assert.True(grown.Skills.ContainsKey("English"));
+        Assert.Equal(math, grown.Skills["Mathematics"]);
+    }
+
+    private static IEnumerable<Person> PupilsIn(Roster roster, int year)
+    {
+        var classIds = roster.Classes
+            .Where(schoolClass => schoolClass.Year == year)
+            .Select(schoolClass => schoolClass.Id)
+            .ToHashSet(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+        return roster.People.Where(person =>
+            person.IsStudent && person.ClassId is { } classId && classIds.Contains(classId));
+    }
+}

tests/HSchool.People.Tests/StaffingTests.cs

@@ -224,9 +224,10 @@ public class StaffingTests
         Assert.Equal(catalog.Subjects.Values.Count(subject => !subject.Abstract), uncovered.Count);
 
         var applicant = pool.Applicants[0];
-        var hired = Staffing.Hire(catalog, map, roster, pool, applicant.Person.Id, Staffing.TeacherPosition, Cap);
-        var assigned = Staffing.AssignSubject(catalog, hired.Roster, hired.Pool, applicant.Person.Id, "Mathematics", Cap);
+        var hired = Staffing.Hire(catalog, map, roster, pool, applicant.Person.Id, Staffing.TeacherPosition, 100_000f);
+        var assigned = Staffing.AssignSubject(catalog, hired.Roster, hired.Pool, applicant.Person.Id, "Mathematics", 100_000f);
 
+        Assert.Equal(StaffingError.None, assigned.Error);
         Assert.DoesNotContain(Staffing.Uncovered(catalog, assigned.Roster), subject => subject.DefName == "Mathematics");
         Assert.Contains(Staffing.Uncovered(catalog, assigned.Roster), subject => subject.DefName == "PrimarySchool");
     }
@@ -236,8 +237,9 @@ public class StaffingTests
     {
         var (catalog, map, roster, pool) = Fresh();
         var applicant = pool.Applicants[0];
-        var hired = Staffing.Hire(catalog, map, roster, pool, applicant.Person.Id, Staffing.TeacherPosition, Cap);
-        var assigned = Staffing.AssignSubject(catalog, hired.Roster, hired.Pool, applicant.Person.Id, "Mathematics", Cap);
+        var hired = Staffing.Hire(catalog, map, roster, pool, applicant.Person.Id, Staffing.TeacherPosition, 100_000f);
+        var assigned = Staffing.AssignSubject(catalog, hired.Roster, hired.Pool, applicant.Person.Id, "Mathematics", 100_000f);
+        Assert.Equal(StaffingError.None, assigned.Error);
 
         var json = RosterJson.Serialize(RosterDocument.From(Fixtures.SchoolSeed, assigned.Roster, assigned.Pool));
         var loaded = RosterJson.Parse(json);

tests/HSchool.People.Tests/YearlyIntakeTests.cs

@@ -118,5 +118,8 @@ public class YearlyIntakeTests
 
     private static string Snapshot(Roster roster) =>
         string.Join('\n', roster.People.Select(person =>
-            $"{person.Id}|{person.FamilyId}|{person.IsStudent}|{person.IsStaff}|{person.IsParent}|{person.ClassId}|{person.Name.Full}"));
+            $"{person.Id}|{person.FamilyId}|{person.IsStudent}|{person.IsStaff}|{person.IsParent}|{person.ClassId}|{person.Name.Full}|{Skills(person)}"));
+
+    private static string Skills(Person person) =>
+        string.Join(',', person.Skills.OrderBy(pair => pair.Key, StringComparer.Ordinal).Select(pair => $"{pair.Key}={pair.Value}"));
 }