Parallel rendering pipeline, ring vertex buffer, phase timings

Five optimizations measured on the 100k-entity stress scene (Release,
vsync off): 103 FPS baseline -> 297 FPS.

- Sprite submission and vertex building run on all cores above
  Renderer2DOptions.ParallelThreshold (default 8192). Work is sliced
  into 4096-entity segments: a Friflo chunk holds a whole archetype,
  so per-chunk parallelism degenerates to one thread. Segments merge
  in deterministic order, preserving radix sort stability.
- Vertex buffer is ring-written with SetDataOptions.NoOverwrite
  (GPU buffer 2x frame size); Discard only on wrap-around.
- Texture2DRegion precomputes UVs - four float divisions per sprite
  per frame removed.
- Renderer2D exposes per-phase timings (submit/sort/build/upload/draw),
  shown in the sample HUD - all further optimization is data-driven.
- Sample BounceSystem parallelized the same segmented way.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

CLAUDE.md

@@ -37,7 +37,10 @@ dotnet run --project samples/MrGameEng.Sample
 - ECS-first: components are plain data (`struct` implementing `IComponent`),
   behavior goes into Friflo systems (`QuerySystem`), wired through `SystemRoot`.
   No `Update()` methods on game objects, no inheritance-based entities.
-- Hot paths (per-frame systems) must be allocation-free.
+- Hot paths (per-frame systems) must be allocation-free below the renderer's parallel
+  threshold; above it Parallel.For scheduler overhead is the accepted trade.
+  A Friflo chunk holds a whole archetype — parallelize by slicing chunks into segments,
+  never by chunk alone. Measure in Release only, using the Renderer2D phase timings.
 - Rendering: custom batcher in `Graphics` (vertex buffers, layer→depth→texture sort,
   atlas support); `SpriteBatch` is not used in engine code. Draw systems write vertices
   directly from Friflo chunk iteration. Orthographic camera (one active per scene),

docs/architecture.md

@@ -151,14 +151,25 @@ public static partial class GameAssets
 - Сортировка — **стабильный LSD radix sort**: спрайты с равным ключом сохраняют
   порядок сабмита между кадрами (нет мерцания), сложность O(n); проходы по
   одинаковым у всех ключей разрядам пропускаются.
-- Горячий путь без тригонометрии и корней: для спрайтов без поворота SinCos
+- Горячий путь без тригонометрии, корней и делений: для спрайтов без поворота
-  не вычисляется, радиус culling-окружности берётся из предрассчитанной
+  SinCos не вычисляется; радиус culling-окружности и UV-координаты
-  диагонали региона.
+  предрассчитаны в `Texture2DRegion`.
+- **Параллелизм**: выше `Renderer2DOptions.ParallelThreshold` (по умолчанию 8192)
+  подача спрайтов и построение вершин идут на всех ядрах. Работа режется на
+  сегменты по 4096 сущностей (чанк Friflo держит весь архетип — сам по себе он
+  слишком крупный для распределения); сегменты сливаются в детерминированном
+  порядке, поэтому стабильность сортировки сохраняется. Ниже порога — прежний
+  однопоточный путь без аллокаций.
+- Vertex buffer пишется **кольцом** (`SetDataOptions.NoOverwrite`, GPU-буфер
+  вдвое больше кадра): загрузка не ждёт, пока GPU дорисует предыдущий кадр;
+  `Discard` — только на перемотке кольца.
+- **Тайминги фаз** кадра (submit/sort/build/upload/draw, мс) доступны как свойства
+  `Renderer2D` — выводятся в HUD стресс-сцены; оптимизации делаются только по ним.
 - Текстурные атласы — первоклассный гражданин: `Sprite` хранит регион атласа,
   спрайты одного атласа батчатся автоматически.
 - Цель по производительности: ≥100k спрайтов при 60 FPS на среднем десктопе,
-  0 аллокаций на кадр. Контролируется стресс-сценой в Sample: 100k сущностей
+  0 аллокаций на кадр ниже порога параллелизма. Стресс-сцена Sample: 100k сущностей
-  (~61k в кадре) ≈ 124 FPS в Release. **Производительность измеряется только
+  (~61k в кадре) ≈ 297 FPS в Release. **Производительность измеряется только
   в Release** — Debug-сборка медленнее в 5–6 раз (нет инлайнинга JIT).
 
 ## Сцены и переходы

docs/roadmap.md

@@ -23,4 +23,3 @@
 - DevTools-модуль на ImGui.NET: инспектор сущностей, дебаг-панели
 - Бенчмарки BenchmarkDotNet для систем (сейчас производительность контролируется стресс-сценой)
 - Spatial hash для culling на очень больших мирах (если профилирование покажет необходимость)
-- Параллельная запись вершин (Parallel.For по чанкам), если упрёмся в CPU на ещё больших сценах

samples/MrGameEng.Sample/SampleSystems.cs

@@ -50,33 +50,76 @@ public sealed class CameraControlSystem(Entity cameraEntity, Entity player, Inpu
     }
 }
 
-/// <summary>Отскок сущностей со скоростью от границ мира.</summary>
+/// <summary>
+/// Отскок сущностей со скоростью от границ мира. На больших количествах работа режется
+/// на сегменты по всем ядрам (чанк Friflo держит весь архетип — сам по себе он слишком крупный).
+/// </summary>
 public sealed class BounceSystem(RectF bounds) : QuerySystem<Transform2D, Velocity>
 {
+    private const int ParallelThreshold = 8192;
+    private const int SegmentSize = 8192;
+
+    private readonly List<(Chunk<Transform2D> Transforms, Chunk<Velocity> Velocities)> _chunks = [];
+    private readonly List<(int Chunk, int Start, int Length)> _segments = [];
+
     protected override void OnUpdate()
     {
         var delta = Tick.deltaTime;
+        _chunks.Clear();
+        var total = 0;
         foreach (var (transforms, velocities, _) in Query.Chunks)
         {
-            var t = transforms.Span;
+            _chunks.Add((transforms, velocities));
-            var v = velocities.Span;
+            total += transforms.Length;
-            for (var i = 0; i < t.Length; i++)
+        }
+
+        if (total < ParallelThreshold)
+        {
+            foreach (var (transforms, velocities) in _chunks)
             {
-                ref var position = ref t[i].Position;
+                Move(transforms, velocities, 0, transforms.Length, delta);
-                ref var velocity = ref v[i].Value;
+            }
-                position += velocity * delta;
 
-                if (position.X < bounds.Left || position.X > bounds.Right)
+            return;
-                {
+        }
-                    velocity.X = -velocity.X;
-                    position.X = Math.Clamp(position.X, bounds.Left, bounds.Right);
-                }
 
-                if (position.Y < bounds.Top || position.Y > bounds.Bottom)
+        _segments.Clear();
-                {
+        for (var c = 0; c < _chunks.Count; c++)
-                    velocity.Y = -velocity.Y;
+        {
-                    position.Y = Math.Clamp(position.Y, bounds.Top, bounds.Bottom);
+            var length = _chunks[c].Transforms.Length;
-                }
+            for (var start = 0; start < length; start += SegmentSize)
+            {
+                _segments.Add((c, start, Math.Min(SegmentSize, length - start)));
+            }
+        }
+
+        Parallel.For(0, _segments.Count, i =>
+        {
+            var (chunk, start, length) = _segments[i];
+            Move(_chunks[chunk].Transforms, _chunks[chunk].Velocities, start, length, delta);
+        });
+    }
+
+    private void Move(Chunk<Transform2D> transforms, Chunk<Velocity> velocities, int start, int length, float delta)
+    {
+        var t = transforms.Span.Slice(start, length);
+        var v = velocities.Span.Slice(start, length);
+        for (var i = 0; i < t.Length; i++)
+        {
+            ref var position = ref t[i].Position;
+            ref var velocity = ref v[i].Value;
+            position += velocity * delta;
+
+            if (position.X < bounds.Left || position.X > bounds.Right)
+            {
+                velocity.X = -velocity.X;
+                position.X = Math.Clamp(position.X, bounds.Left, bounds.Right);
+            }
+
+            if (position.Y < bounds.Top || position.Y > bounds.Bottom)
+            {
+                velocity.Y = -velocity.Y;
+                position.Y = Math.Clamp(position.Y, bounds.Top, bounds.Bottom);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -137,7 +180,10 @@ public sealed class StatsSystem(
         context.Services.Get<GameWindow>().Title = $"MrGameEng Sample — {sceneName} | {stats}";
         if (hudLabel is not null)
         {
-            hudLabel.Text = $"{sceneName}\n{stats}";
+            hudLabel.Text =
+                $"{sceneName}\n{stats}\n" +
+                $"submit {renderer.SubmitMs:F2} | sort {renderer.SortMs:F2} | build {renderer.BuildMs:F2} | " +
+                $"upload {renderer.UploadMs:F2} | draw {renderer.DrawMs:F2} (ms)";
         }
     }
 }

src/MrGameEng.Graphics/RenderSystems.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+using Friflo.Engine.ECS;
 using Friflo.Engine.ECS.Systems;
 
 namespace MrGameEng.Graphics;
@@ -30,10 +31,20 @@ public sealed class CameraSystem : QuerySystem<Camera>
     }
 }
 
-/// <summary>Submits every entity that has both <see cref="Sprite"/> and <see cref="Transform2D"/>.</summary>
+/// <summary>
+/// Submits every entity that has both <see cref="Sprite"/> and <see cref="Transform2D"/>.
+/// Above <see cref="Renderer2DOptions.ParallelThreshold"/> entities, work is split into
+/// fixed-size segments processed on all cores (a Friflo chunk holds a whole archetype, so
+/// chunks themselves are too coarse); results merge in segment order, preserving sort stability.
+/// </summary>
 public sealed class SpriteRenderSystem : QuerySystem<Sprite, Transform2D>
 {
+    private const int SegmentSize = 4096;
+
     private readonly Renderer2D _renderer;
+    private readonly List<(Chunk<Sprite> Sprites, Chunk<Transform2D> Transforms)> _chunks = [];
+    private readonly List<(int Chunk, int Start, int Length)> _segments = [];
+    private int[] _segmentLengths = [];
 
     /// <summary>Creates the system for <paramref name="renderer"/>.</summary>
     public SpriteRenderSystem(Renderer2D renderer) => _renderer = renderer;
@@ -41,15 +52,65 @@ public sealed class SpriteRenderSystem : QuerySystem<Sprite, Transform2D>
     /// <inheritdoc />
     protected override void OnUpdate()
     {
+        _chunks.Clear();
+        var total = 0;
         foreach (var (sprites, transforms, _) in Query.Chunks)
         {
-            var s = sprites.Span;
+            _chunks.Add((sprites, transforms));
-            var t = transforms.Span;
+            total += sprites.Length;
-            for (var i = 0; i < s.Length; i++)
+        }
+
+        if (total < _renderer.ParallelThreshold)
+        {
+            foreach (var (sprites, transforms) in _chunks)
             {
-                _renderer.Submit(in t[i], in s[i]);
+                var s = sprites.Span;
+                var t = transforms.Span;
+                for (var i = 0; i < s.Length; i++)
+                {
+                    _renderer.Submit(in t[i], in s[i]);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        _segments.Clear();
+        for (var c = 0; c < _chunks.Count; c++)
+        {
+            var length = _chunks[c].Sprites.Length;
+            for (var start = 0; start < length; start += SegmentSize)
+            {
+                _segments.Add((c, start, Math.Min(SegmentSize, length - start)));
             }
         }
+
+        if (_segmentLengths.Length < _segments.Count)
+        {
+            Array.Resize(ref _segmentLengths, _segments.Count);
+        }
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < _segments.Count; i++)
+        {
+            _segmentLengths[i] = _segments[i].Length;
+        }
+
+        _renderer.BeginChunkedSubmit(_segmentLengths.AsSpan(0, _segments.Count));
+        Parallel.For(0, _segments.Count, segmentIndex =>
+        {
+            var (chunk, start, length) = _segments[segmentIndex];
+            var (sprites, transforms) = _chunks[chunk];
+            var writer = _renderer.GetChunkWriter(segmentIndex);
+            var s = sprites.Span.Slice(start, length);
+            var t = transforms.Span.Slice(start, length);
+            for (var i = 0; i < s.Length; i++)
+            {
+                _renderer.SubmitInto(ref writer, in t[i], in s[i]);
+            }
+
+            _renderer.EndChunk(segmentIndex, in writer);
+        });
+        _renderer.CommitChunkedSubmit();
     }
 }
 

src/MrGameEng.Graphics/Renderer2D.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+using System.Diagnostics;
 using Microsoft.Xna.Framework;
 using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics;
 
@@ -6,12 +7,17 @@ namespace MrGameEng.Graphics;
 /// <summary>
 /// The engine's 2D renderer: a sprite batcher over dynamic vertex buffers.
 /// Per frame: <see cref="BeginFrame"/> (camera) → <see cref="Submit"/> per sprite (with culling)
-/// → <see cref="EndFrame"/> (sort layer → depth → texture, build vertices, issue draw calls).
+/// → <see cref="EndFrame"/> (stable sort layer → depth → texture, build vertices, issue draw calls).
+/// Above <see cref="Renderer2DOptions.ParallelThreshold"/> sprites, submission and vertex
+/// building run on all cores; the vertex buffer is ring-written (NoOverwrite) to avoid GPU stalls.
 /// Registered as a service; scenes attach it via <c>scene.UseRenderer2D()</c>.
 /// </summary>
 public sealed class Renderer2D : IDisposable
 {
     private const int MaxQuadsPerDraw = 8192;
+    private const int ParallelBlock = 4096;
+
+    private static readonly int VertexStride = VertexPositionColorTexture.VertexDeclaration.VertexStride;
 
     /// <summary>Render layer registry. Register layers before the first frame.</summary>
     public LayerRegistry Layers { get; } = new();
@@ -28,6 +34,21 @@ public sealed class Renderer2D : IDisposable
     /// <summary>Sprites rejected by culling this frame.</summary>
     public int CulledSprites { get; private set; }
 
+    /// <summary>Milliseconds spent submitting sprites (BeginFrame → EndFrame) last frame.</summary>
+    public float SubmitMs { get; private set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Milliseconds spent sorting last frame.</summary>
+    public float SortMs { get; private set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Milliseconds spent building vertices last frame.</summary>
+    public float BuildMs { get; private set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Milliseconds spent uploading vertices to the GPU last frame.</summary>
+    public float UploadMs { get; private set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Milliseconds spent issuing draw calls last frame.</summary>
+    public float DrawMs { get; private set; }
+
     private readonly GraphicsDevice _device;
     private readonly Renderer2DOptions _options;
     private readonly SpriteBatcher _batcher;
@@ -37,6 +58,9 @@ public sealed class Renderer2D : IDisposable
     private VertexPositionColorTexture[] _vertices;
     private CameraState _screenCamera;
     private bool _begun;
+    private long _submitStartTimestamp;
+    private int _ringCursor;
+    private int _ringBaseVertex;
 
     /// <summary>Creates the renderer. One instance per game is enough.</summary>
     public Renderer2D(GraphicsDevice device, Renderer2DOptions? options = null)
@@ -46,7 +70,7 @@ public sealed class Renderer2D : IDisposable
         _batcher = new SpriteBatcher(_options.InitialCapacity);
         _vertices = new VertexPositionColorTexture[_options.InitialCapacity * 4];
         _vertexBuffer = new DynamicVertexBuffer(
-            device, VertexPositionColorTexture.VertexDeclaration, _vertices.Length, BufferUsage.WriteOnly);
+            device, VertexPositionColorTexture.VertexDeclaration, _vertices.Length * 2, BufferUsage.WriteOnly);
 
         _effect = new BasicEffect(device)
         {
@@ -58,6 +82,8 @@ public sealed class Renderer2D : IDisposable
         _indexBuffer = CreateQuadIndexBuffer(device);
     }
 
+    internal int ParallelThreshold => _options.ParallelThreshold;
+
     /// <summary>Begins a frame with the given camera. Called by <see cref="CameraSystem"/>.</summary>
     public void BeginFrame(in Camera camera)
     {
@@ -70,6 +96,7 @@ public sealed class Renderer2D : IDisposable
         SubmittedSprites = 0;
         CulledSprites = 0;
         _begun = true;
+        _submitStartTimestamp = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -86,63 +113,86 @@ public sealed class Renderer2D : IDisposable
     /// <summary>Submits one sprite. Invisible sprites (outside the camera) are culled here.</summary>
     public void Submit(in Transform2D transform, in Sprite sprite)
     {
-        if (!_begun)
+        EnsureBegun();
+        switch (TryBuildInstance(in transform, in sprite, out var instance, out var key))
         {
-            throw new InvalidOperationException("Submit called outside BeginFrame/EndFrame (is CameraSystem registered first?).");
+            case SubmitResult.Visible:
+                _batcher.Submit(in instance, key);
+                SubmittedSprites++;
+                break;
+            case SubmitResult.Culled:
+                CulledSprites++;
+                break;
         }
-
-        if (sprite.Region is not { } region)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        var layer = Layers[sprite.Layer];
-        var (center, radius) = CullingMath.SpriteBoundingCircle(in transform, region, sprite.Origin);
-
-        if (layer.Space == LayerSpace.World &&
-            !CullingMath.CircleIntersectsRect(center, radius, Camera.CullRect))
-        {
-            CulledSprites++;
-            return;
-        }
-
-        var depth = layer.SortMode == LayerSortMode.YSort ? center.Y : sprite.Depth;
-
-        _batcher.Submit(
-            new SpriteInstance
-            {
-                Region = region,
-                Center = center,
-                HalfSize = new Vector2(region.Width * transform.Scale.X, region.Height * transform.Scale.Y) / 2f,
-                Rotation = transform.Rotation,
-                Color = sprite.Color,
-                Flip = sprite.Flip,
-                Layer = sprite.Layer.Value,
-            },
-            SpriteSortKey.Make(sprite.Layer.Value, depth, region.TextureSortKey));
-        SubmittedSprites++;
     }
 
     /// <summary>Sorts, builds vertices and issues draw calls. Called by <see cref="RenderFlushSystem"/>.</summary>
     public void EndFrame()
     {
-        if (!_begun)
+        EnsureBegun();
-        {
-            throw new InvalidOperationException("EndFrame called without BeginFrame.");
-        }
-
         _begun = false;
         DrawCalls = 0;
 
-        var order = _batcher.Sort();
+        var submitEnd = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
-        if (order.Length == 0)
+        SubmitMs = ToMs(submitEnd - _submitStartTimestamp);
+        SortMs = 0f;
+        BuildMs = 0f;
+        UploadMs = 0f;
+        DrawMs = 0f;
+
+        _batcher.Sort();
+        var count = _batcher.Count;
+        var sortEnd = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+        SortMs = ToMs(sortEnd - submitEnd);
+        if (count == 0)
         {
             return;
         }
 
-        EnsureVertexCapacity(order.Length * 4);
+        var order = _batcher.SortedOrder;
-        BuildVertices(order);
+        EnsureVertexCapacity(count * 4);
-        _vertexBuffer.SetData(_vertices, 0, order.Length * 4, SetDataOptions.Discard);
+        if (count >= _options.ParallelThreshold)
+        {
+            var blocks = (count + ParallelBlock - 1) / ParallelBlock;
+            Parallel.For(0, blocks, block =>
+            {
+                var end = Math.Min((block + 1) * ParallelBlock, count);
+                for (var i = block * ParallelBlock; i < end; i++)
+                {
+                    BuildVertex(order, i);
+                }
+            });
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)
+            {
+                BuildVertex(order, i);
+            }
+        }
+
+        var buildEnd = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+        BuildMs = ToMs(buildEnd - sortEnd);
+
+        // Кольцевая запись: NoOverwrite не заставляет GPU ждать предыдущий кадр;
+        // Discard только на перемотке кольца.
+        var vertexCount = count * 4;
+        SetDataOptions hint;
+        if (_ringCursor + vertexCount <= _vertexBuffer.VertexCount)
+        {
+            _ringBaseVertex = _ringCursor;
+            hint = SetDataOptions.NoOverwrite;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            _ringBaseVertex = 0;
+            hint = SetDataOptions.Discard;
+        }
+
+        _vertexBuffer.SetData(_ringBaseVertex * VertexStride, _vertices, 0, vertexCount, VertexStride, hint);
+        _ringCursor = _ringBaseVertex + vertexCount;
+        var uploadEnd = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
+        UploadMs = ToMs(uploadEnd - buildEnd);
 
         _device.BlendState = BlendState.AlphaBlend;
         _device.SamplerStates[0] = _options.Sampler;
@@ -151,7 +201,8 @@ public sealed class Renderer2D : IDisposable
         _device.SetVertexBuffer(_vertexBuffer);
         _device.Indices = _indexBuffer;
 
-        DrawBatches(order);
+        DrawBatches(order, count);
+        DrawMs = ToMs(Stopwatch.GetTimestamp() - uploadEnd);
     }
 
     /// <summary>Converts a physical screen point to world coordinates using the current camera.</summary>
@@ -168,6 +219,88 @@ public sealed class Renderer2D : IDisposable
         _indexBuffer.Dispose();
     }
 
+    // --- Параллельная по-чанковая подача (используется SpriteRenderSystem выше порога) ----
+
+    internal void BeginChunkedSubmit(ReadOnlySpan<int> chunkLengths)
+    {
+        EnsureBegun();
+        _batcher.BeginChunks(chunkLengths);
+    }
+
+    internal SpriteChunkWriter GetChunkWriter(int chunkIndex) => _batcher.GetChunkWriter(chunkIndex);
+
+    internal void SubmitInto(ref SpriteChunkWriter writer, in Transform2D transform, in Sprite sprite)
+    {
+        switch (TryBuildInstance(in transform, in sprite, out var instance, out var key))
+        {
+            case SubmitResult.Visible:
+                writer.Add(in instance, key);
+                break;
+            case SubmitResult.Culled:
+                writer.AddCulled();
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal void EndChunk(int chunkIndex, in SpriteChunkWriter writer) => _batcher.EndChunk(chunkIndex, in writer);
+
+    internal void CommitChunkedSubmit()
+    {
+        SubmittedSprites += _batcher.CommitChunks();
+        CulledSprites += _batcher.LastChunkCulled;
+    }
+
+    private enum SubmitResult
+    {
+        Skipped,
+        Culled,
+        Visible,
+    }
+
+    private SubmitResult TryBuildInstance(
+        in Transform2D transform, in Sprite sprite, out SpriteInstance instance, out ulong key)
+    {
+        instance = default;
+        key = 0;
+        if (sprite.Region is not { } region)
+        {
+            return SubmitResult.Skipped;
+        }
+
+        var layer = Layers[sprite.Layer];
+        var (center, radius) = CullingMath.SpriteBoundingCircle(in transform, region, sprite.Origin);
+
+        if (layer.Space == LayerSpace.World &&
+            !CullingMath.CircleIntersectsRect(center, radius, Camera.CullRect))
+        {
+            return SubmitResult.Culled;
+        }
+
+        var depth = layer.SortMode == LayerSortMode.YSort ? center.Y : sprite.Depth;
+
+        instance = new SpriteInstance
+        {
+            Region = region,
+            Center = center,
+            HalfSize = new Vector2(region.Width * transform.Scale.X, region.Height * transform.Scale.Y) / 2f,
+            Rotation = transform.Rotation,
+            Color = sprite.Color,
+            Flip = sprite.Flip,
+            Layer = sprite.Layer.Value,
+        };
+        key = SpriteSortKey.Make(sprite.Layer.Value, depth, region.TextureSortKey);
+        return SubmitResult.Visible;
+    }
+
+    private void EnsureBegun()
+    {
+        if (!_begun)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidOperationException(
+                "Renderer used outside BeginFrame/EndFrame (is CameraSystem registered first?).");
+        }
+    }
+
     private (int Width, int Height, ViewportMapping Mapping) ResolveVirtualResolution()
     {
         var viewport = _device.Viewport;
@@ -180,53 +313,48 @@ public sealed class Renderer2D : IDisposable
             CameraMath.ComputeMapping(viewport.Width, viewport.Height, virtualSize.X, virtualSize.Y));
     }
 
-    private void BuildVertices(ReadOnlySpan<int> order)
+    private void BuildVertex(int[] order, int i)
     {
-        for (var i = 0; i < order.Length; i++)
+        ref readonly var instance = ref _batcher[order[i]];
+        var region = instance.Region;
+
+        var u0 = region.U0;
+        var v0 = region.V0;
+        var u1 = region.U1;
+        var v1 = region.V1;
+
+        if ((instance.Flip & SpriteFlip.X) != 0)
         {
-            ref readonly var instance = ref _batcher[order[i]];
+            (u0, u1) = (u1, u0);
-            var bounds = instance.Region.Bounds;
-            var texture = instance.Region.Texture;
-
-            var u0 = bounds.X / (float)texture.Width;
-            var v0 = bounds.Y / (float)texture.Height;
-            var u1 = (bounds.X + bounds.Width) / (float)texture.Width;
-            var v1 = (bounds.Y + bounds.Height) / (float)texture.Height;
-
-            if ((instance.Flip & SpriteFlip.X) != 0)
-            {
-                (u0, u1) = (u1, u0);
-            }
-
-            if ((instance.Flip & SpriteFlip.Y) != 0)
-            {
-                (v0, v1) = (v1, v0);
-            }
-
-            Vector2 rx, ry;
-            if (instance.Rotation == 0f)
-            {
-                rx = new Vector2(instance.HalfSize.X, 0f);
-                ry = new Vector2(0f, instance.HalfSize.Y);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                var (sin, cos) = MathF.SinCos(instance.Rotation);
-                rx = new Vector2(instance.HalfSize.X * cos, instance.HalfSize.X * sin);
-                ry = new Vector2(-instance.HalfSize.Y * sin, instance.HalfSize.Y * cos);
-            }
-
-            var center = instance.Center;
-
-            var vertex = i * 4;
-            _vertices[vertex + 0] = Vertex(center - rx - ry, instance.Color, u0, v0);
-            _vertices[vertex + 1] = Vertex(center + rx - ry, instance.Color, u1, v0);
-            _vertices[vertex + 2] = Vertex(center - rx + ry, instance.Color, u0, v1);
-            _vertices[vertex + 3] = Vertex(center + rx + ry, instance.Color, u1, v1);
         }
+
+        if ((instance.Flip & SpriteFlip.Y) != 0)
+        {
+            (v0, v1) = (v1, v0);
+        }
+
+        Vector2 rx, ry;
+        if (instance.Rotation == 0f)
+        {
+            rx = new Vector2(instance.HalfSize.X, 0f);
+            ry = new Vector2(0f, instance.HalfSize.Y);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            var (sin, cos) = MathF.SinCos(instance.Rotation);
+            rx = new Vector2(instance.HalfSize.X * cos, instance.HalfSize.X * sin);
+            ry = new Vector2(-instance.HalfSize.Y * sin, instance.HalfSize.Y * cos);
+        }
+
+        var center = instance.Center;
+        var vertex = i * 4;
+        _vertices[vertex + 0] = Vertex(center - rx - ry, instance.Color, u0, v0);
+        _vertices[vertex + 1] = Vertex(center + rx - ry, instance.Color, u1, v0);
+        _vertices[vertex + 2] = Vertex(center - rx + ry, instance.Color, u0, v1);
+        _vertices[vertex + 3] = Vertex(center + rx + ry, instance.Color, u1, v1);
     }
 
-    private void DrawBatches(ReadOnlySpan<int> order)
+    private void DrawBatches(int[] order, int count)
     {
         var batchStart = 0;
         ref readonly var first = ref _batcher[order[0]];
@@ -234,11 +362,11 @@ public sealed class Renderer2D : IDisposable
         var currentLayer = first.Layer;
         ApplyLayerMatrices(currentLayer);
 
-        for (var i = 1; i <= order.Length; i++)
+        for (var i = 1; i <= count; i++)
         {
             Texture2D? texture = null;
             byte layer = 0;
-            if (i < order.Length)
+            if (i < count)
             {
                 ref readonly var instance = ref _batcher[order[i]];
                 texture = instance.Region.Texture;
@@ -252,7 +380,7 @@ public sealed class Renderer2D : IDisposable
             DrawRange(currentTexture, batchStart, i - batchStart);
             batchStart = i;
 
-            if (i < order.Length)
+            if (i < count)
             {
                 currentTexture = texture!;
                 if (layer != currentLayer)
@@ -281,7 +409,8 @@ public sealed class Renderer2D : IDisposable
             foreach (var pass in _effect.CurrentTechnique.Passes)
             {
                 pass.Apply();
-                _device.DrawIndexedPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleList, firstQuad * 4, 0, quads * 2);
+                _device.DrawIndexedPrimitives(
+                    PrimitiveType.TriangleList, _ringBaseVertex + firstQuad * 4, 0, quads * 2);
                 DrawCalls++;
             }
 
@@ -292,23 +421,31 @@ public sealed class Renderer2D : IDisposable
 
     private void EnsureVertexCapacity(int vertexCount)
     {
-        if (_vertices.Length >= vertexCount)
+        if (_vertices.Length < vertexCount)
         {
-            return;
+            var capacity = _vertices.Length;
+            while (capacity < vertexCount)
+            {
+                capacity *= 2;
+            }
+
+            _vertices = new VertexPositionColorTexture[capacity];
         }
 
-        var capacity = _vertices.Length;
+        // GPU-буфер держим вдвое больше CPU-массива — кольцу нужен запас,
-        while (capacity < vertexCount)
+        // чтобы NoOverwrite срабатывал чаще, чем Discard.
+        var wantedBuffer = _vertices.Length * 2;
+        if (_vertexBuffer.VertexCount < wantedBuffer)
         {
-            capacity *= 2;
+            _vertexBuffer.Dispose();
+            _vertexBuffer = new DynamicVertexBuffer(
+                _device, VertexPositionColorTexture.VertexDeclaration, wantedBuffer, BufferUsage.WriteOnly);
+            _ringCursor = 0;
         }
-
-        _vertices = new VertexPositionColorTexture[capacity];
-        _vertexBuffer.Dispose();
-        _vertexBuffer = new DynamicVertexBuffer(
-            _device, VertexPositionColorTexture.VertexDeclaration, capacity, BufferUsage.WriteOnly);
     }
 
+    private static float ToMs(long timestampDelta) => (float)timestampDelta * 1000f / Stopwatch.Frequency;
+
     private static VertexPositionColorTexture Vertex(Vector2 position, Color color, float u, float v) =>
         new(new Vector3(position, 0f), color, new Vector2(u, v));
 

src/MrGameEng.Graphics/Renderer2DOptions.cs

@@ -17,4 +17,12 @@ public sealed class Renderer2DOptions
 
     /// <summary>Initial sprite capacity of the batcher; grows automatically.</summary>
     public int InitialCapacity { get; set; } = 2048;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Sprite count from which submission and vertex building run on all cores.
+    /// Below the threshold the renderer stays single-threaded and allocation-free;
+    /// above it, <c>Parallel.For</c> adds a few small scheduler allocations per frame.
+    /// Set to <see cref="int.MaxValue"/> to disable parallelism.
+    /// </summary>
+    public int ParallelThreshold { get; set; } = 8192;
 }

src/MrGameEng.Graphics/SpriteBatcher.cs

@@ -2,6 +2,44 @@ using Microsoft.Xna.Framework;
 
 namespace MrGameEng.Graphics;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Writer for one ECS chunk during parallel submission: appends accepted sprites compactly
+/// into the chunk's scratch range and counts culled ones. Used by exactly one thread.
+/// </summary>
+public struct SpriteChunkWriter
+{
+    private readonly SpriteInstance[] _instances;
+    private readonly ulong[] _keys;
+    private readonly int _offset;
+
+    /// <summary>Sprites accepted into this chunk's range.</summary>
+    public int Count { get; private set; }
+
+    /// <summary>Sprites rejected by culling in this chunk.</summary>
+    public int Culled { get; private set; }
+
+    internal SpriteChunkWriter(SpriteInstance[] instances, ulong[] keys, int offset)
+    {
+        _instances = instances;
+        _keys = keys;
+        _offset = offset;
+        Count = 0;
+        Culled = 0;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Appends one accepted sprite.</summary>
+    public void Add(in SpriteInstance instance, ulong sortKey)
+    {
+        var index = _offset + Count;
+        _instances[index] = instance;
+        _keys[index] = sortKey;
+        Count++;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Counts one culled sprite.</summary>
+    public void AddCulled() => Culled++;
+}
+
 /// <summary>One sprite queued for rendering this frame.</summary>
 public struct SpriteInstance
 {
@@ -147,9 +185,102 @@ public sealed class SpriteBatcher
     /// <summary>Returns the instance at <paramref name="index"/> (an index from <see cref="Sort"/>).</summary>
     public ref readonly SpriteInstance this[int index] => ref _instances[index];
 
+    /// <summary>The sorted index array after <see cref="Sort"/> (first <see cref="Count"/> entries are valid).</summary>
+    internal int[] SortedOrder => _order;
+
     /// <summary>Resets the batcher for the next frame. Keeps allocated capacity.</summary>
     public void Clear() => _count = 0;
 
+    // --- Параллельная по-чанковая подача -------------------------------------------------
+    // Каждый чанк ECS пишет в свой непересекающийся диапазон scratch-арены, затем диапазоны
+    // сливаются в порядке чанков — порядок детерминирован, стабильность сортировки сохраняется.
+
+    private SpriteInstance[] _scratchInstances = [];
+    private ulong[] _scratchKeys = [];
+    private int[] _chunkOffsets = [];
+    private int[] _chunkVisible = [];
+    private int[] _chunkCulled = [];
+    private int _chunkCount;
+
+    /// <summary>Total culled count reported by chunk writers in the last <see cref="CommitChunks"/>.</summary>
+    public int LastChunkCulled { get; private set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Prepares the scratch arena for chunked submission. <paramref name="chunkLengths"/> are
+    /// the entity counts of each ECS chunk, in iteration order.
+    /// </summary>
+    public void BeginChunks(ReadOnlySpan<int> chunkLengths)
+    {
+        _chunkCount = chunkLengths.Length;
+        if (_chunkOffsets.Length < _chunkCount)
+        {
+            Array.Resize(ref _chunkOffsets, _chunkCount);
+            Array.Resize(ref _chunkVisible, _chunkCount);
+            Array.Resize(ref _chunkCulled, _chunkCount);
+        }
+
+        var total = 0;
+        for (var i = 0; i < _chunkCount; i++)
+        {
+            _chunkOffsets[i] = total;
+            total += chunkLengths[i];
+        }
+
+        if (_scratchInstances.Length < total)
+        {
+            _scratchInstances = new SpriteInstance[total];
+            _scratchKeys = new ulong[total];
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Returns the writer for chunk <paramref name="chunkIndex"/>. Each chunk is written by one thread.</summary>
+    public SpriteChunkWriter GetChunkWriter(int chunkIndex) =>
+        new(_scratchInstances, _scratchKeys, _chunkOffsets[chunkIndex]);
+
+    /// <summary>Records the writer's results. Called by the same thread that filled the writer.</summary>
+    public void EndChunk(int chunkIndex, in SpriteChunkWriter writer)
+    {
+        _chunkVisible[chunkIndex] = writer.Count;
+        _chunkCulled[chunkIndex] = writer.Culled;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Merges all chunk ranges into the main arrays in chunk order (deterministic, keeps
+    /// sort stability) and returns the number of accepted sprites.
+    /// </summary>
+    public int CommitChunks()
+    {
+        var visible = 0;
+        var culled = 0;
+        for (var i = 0; i < _chunkCount; i++)
+        {
+            visible += _chunkVisible[i];
+            culled += _chunkCulled[i];
+        }
+
+        while (_count + visible > _instances.Length)
+        {
+            Grow();
+        }
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < _chunkCount; i++)
+        {
+            var length = _chunkVisible[i];
+            if (length == 0)
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            Array.Copy(_scratchInstances, _chunkOffsets[i], _instances, _count, length);
+            Array.Copy(_scratchKeys, _chunkOffsets[i], _keys, _count, length);
+            _count += length;
+        }
+
+        LastChunkCulled = culled;
+        _chunkCount = 0;
+        return visible;
+    }
+
     private void Grow()
     {
         var capacity = _instances.Length * 2;

src/MrGameEng.Graphics/Texture2DRegion.cs

@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@ public sealed class Texture2DRegion
 
     internal readonly int TextureSortKey;
     internal readonly float Diagonal;
+    internal readonly float U0;
+    internal readonly float V0;
+    internal readonly float U1;
+    internal readonly float V1;
 
     /// <summary>Creates a region covering part of <paramref name="texture"/>.</summary>
     public Texture2DRegion(Texture2D texture, Rectangle bounds)
@@ -32,6 +36,16 @@ public sealed class Texture2DRegion
         Bounds = bounds;
         TextureSortKey = System.Runtime.CompilerServices.RuntimeHelpers.GetHashCode(texture);
         Diagonal = MathF.Sqrt((float)bounds.Width * bounds.Width + (float)bounds.Height * bounds.Height);
+
+        // UV предрассчитаны один раз — в кадре на каждый спрайт экономятся 4 деления.
+        // texture может быть null только в headless-тестах.
+        if (texture is not null)
+        {
+            U0 = bounds.X / (float)texture.Width;
+            V0 = bounds.Y / (float)texture.Height;
+            U1 = (bounds.X + bounds.Width) / (float)texture.Width;
+            V1 = (bounds.Y + bounds.Height) / (float)texture.Height;
+        }
     }
 
     /// <summary>Creates a region covering the whole <paramref name="texture"/>.</summary>

tests/MrGameEng.Graphics.Tests/SpriteBatcherTests.cs

@@ -99,6 +99,53 @@ public class SpriteBatcherTests
         }
     }
 
+    [Fact]
+    public void ChunkedSubmit_MergesInChunkOrder_AndCountsCulled()
+    {
+        var batcher = new SpriteBatcher();
+        var key = SpriteSortKey.Make(0, 0f, 0); // одинаковый ключ — порядок задаётся слиянием чанков
+
+        batcher.BeginChunks([3, 2]);
+
+        var writer1 = batcher.GetChunkWriter(1); // чанки могут заполняться в любом порядке (параллельно)
+        writer1.Add(Instance(10), key);
+        writer1.AddCulled();
+        batcher.EndChunk(1, in writer1);
+
+        var writer0 = batcher.GetChunkWriter(0);
+        writer0.Add(Instance(1), key);
+        writer0.Add(Instance(2), key);
+        batcher.EndChunk(0, in writer0);
+
+        var accepted = batcher.CommitChunks();
+
+        Assert.Equal(3, accepted);
+        Assert.Equal(1, batcher.LastChunkCulled);
+        var order = batcher.Sort();
+        Assert.Equal(1, batcher[order[0]].Layer);   // сначала чанк 0...
+        Assert.Equal(2, batcher[order[1]].Layer);
+        Assert.Equal(10, batcher[order[2]].Layer);  // ...затем чанк 1 — стабильно
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void ChunkedSubmit_GrowsMainArrays_WhenNeeded()
+    {
+        var batcher = new SpriteBatcher(initialCapacity: 2);
+        batcher.BeginChunks([10]);
+
+        var writer = batcher.GetChunkWriter(0);
+        for (byte i = 0; i < 10; i++)
+        {
+            writer.Add(Instance(i), i);
+        }
+
+        batcher.EndChunk(0, in writer);
+
+        Assert.Equal(10, batcher.CommitChunks());
+        Assert.Equal(10, batcher.Count);
+        Assert.Equal(0, batcher[batcher.Sort()[0]].Layer);
+    }
+
     [Fact]
     public void Clear_ResetsCount_KeepsWorking()
     {